Safety Assessment of Polypyrrole Nanoparticles and Spray-Coated Textiles

Polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles (NPs) are used for the coating of materials, such as textiles, with biomedical applications, including wound care and tissue engineering, but they are also promising antibacterial agents. In this work, PPy NPs were used for the spray-coating of textiles with antimicrobial properties. The functional properties of the materials were verified, and their safety was evaluated. Two main exposure scenarios for humans were identified: inhalation of PPy NPs during spray (manufacturing) and direct skin contact with NPs-coated fabrics (use). Thus, the toxicity properties of PPy NPs and PPy-coated textiles were assessed by using in vitro models representative of the lung and the skin. The results from the materials’ characterization showed the stability of both the PPy NP suspension and the textile coating, even after washing cycles and extraction in artificial sweat. Data from an in vitro model of the air–blood barrier showed the low toxicity of these NPs, with no alteration of cell viability and functionality observed. The skin toxicity of PPy NPs and the coated textiles was assessed on a reconstructed human epidermis model following OECD 431 and 439 guidelines. PPy NPs proved to be non-corrosive at the tested conditions, as well as non-irritant after extraction in artificial sweat at two different pH conditions. The obtained data suggest that PPy NPs are safe NMs in applications for textile coating.

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Human-Derived In Vitro Models Used for Skin Toxicity Testing Under REACh

10.1007/164_2020_368 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Susanne N. Kolle ◽

Robert Landsiedel

Keyword(s):

Toxicity Testing ◽

Skin Toxicity ◽

In Vitro Models

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Adsorption of cationized xylans onto polyethylene terephthalate fabrics for antimicrobial medical textiles

Textile Research Journal ◽

10.1177/0040517517748512 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 89 (4) ◽

pp. 473-486 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nena Velkova ◽

Lidija Fras Zemljic ◽

Bodo Saake ◽

Simona Strnad

Keyword(s):

Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Spray Coating ◽

Water Contact ◽

Pet Fabric ◽

E Coli ◽

Medical Textiles ◽

Coated Fabrics ◽

Oat Spelt

The main aim of this research was development of thin functional xylan layers on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric surfaces. Xylans, derived from hard wood and oat spelt, were modified chemically in order to introduce cationic functional groups. Cationization of xylans was proved by elemental analysis, total bound nitrogen determination, and Raman techniques, as well as by polyelectrolyte titrations. The antimicrobial activity of xylans was investigated by the determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration against bacteria S. aureus and E. coli, and fungi C. albicans. Xylan solutions were then applied onto PET fabric using the spray coating technique. Charging behavior of the treated PET fabric samples was evaluated by potentiometric titration supported by X-ray electron spectroscopy. Hydrophilicity was examined by the water contact angle determination. The morphology of coated fabrics was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results of microbial testing showed that PET fabrics functionalized by cationic xylans act antimicrobially against S. aureus and E. coli. The presented work suggests that cationized xylans, originally derived from hard wood and/or oat spelt, could be applied successfully as a coating material for PET fabrics in order to introduce hydrophilicity and antimicrobial properties.

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Drug-induced skin toxicity: gaps in preclinical testing cascade as opportunities for complex in vitro models and assays

Lab on a Chip ◽

10.1039/c9lc00519f ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 199-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rhiannon N. Hardwick ◽

Catherine J. Betts ◽

Jessica Whritenour ◽

Radhakrishna Sura ◽

Maike Thamsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Skin Toxicity ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Preclinical Testing

Selected skin MPS features desired to advance further adoption within the pharmaceutical industry.

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Skin toxicity and cellular metabolism: in vitro models

British Journal of Dermatology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb02119.x ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 115 (s31) ◽

pp. 108-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

UWE REICHERT

Keyword(s):

Cellular Metabolism ◽

Skin Toxicity ◽

In Vitro Models

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Electrospun Composite Nanofibrous Materials Based on (Poly)-Phenol-Polysaccharide Formulations for Potential Wound Treatment

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13112631 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 2631 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lidija Fras Zemljič ◽

Uroš Maver ◽

Tjaša Kraševac Glaser ◽

Urban Bren ◽

Maša Knez Hrnčič ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Wound Care ◽

High Surface ◽

Local Treatment ◽

Fibre Diameter ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Electrospinning Process ◽

Fine Tuning ◽

Volume Porosity

In this paper, we focus on the preparation of electrospun composite nanofibrous materials based on (poly)-phenol-polysaccharide formulation. The prepared composite nanofibres are ideally suited as a controlled drug delivery system, especially for local treatment of different wounds, owing to their high surface and volume porosity and small fibre diameter. To evaluate the formulations, catechin and resveratrol were used as antioxidants. Both substances were embedded into chitosan particles, and further subjected to electrospinning. Formulations were characterized by determination of the particle size, encapsulation efficiency, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The electrospinning process was optimised through fine-tuning of the electrospinning solution and the electrospinning parameters. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the (nano)fibrous structure, while the successful incorporation of bio substances was assessed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The bioactive properties of the formed nanofibre -mats were evaluated by measuring the antioxidative efficiency and antimicrobial properties, followed by in vitro substance release tests. The prepared materials are bioactive, have antimicrobial and antioxidative properties and at the same time allow the release of the incorporated substances, which assures a promising use in medical applications, especially in wound care.

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Use of internally validated in vitro biofilm models to assess antibiofilm performance of silver-containing gelling fibre dressings

Journal of Wound Care ◽

10.12968/jowc.2020.29.3.154 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 154-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Louise Suleman ◽

Liam Purcell ◽

Hannah Thomas ◽

Samantha Westgate

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Single Species ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

Wound Dressings ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Multispecies Biofilms

Objective: To assess the efficacy of five silver-containing gelling fibre wound dressings against single-species and multispecies biofilms using internally validated, UKAS-accredited in vitro test models. Method: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans single- and multispecies biofilms were cultured using Centres for Disease Control (CDC) biofilm reactors and colony drip flow reactors (CDFR). Following a 72 hour incubation period, the substrates on which biofilms were grown were rinsed to remove planktonic microorganisms and then challenged with fully hydrated silver-containing gelling fibre wound dressings. Following dressing application for 24 or 72 hours, remaining viable organisms from the treated biofilms were quantified. Results: In single-species in vitro models, all five antimicrobial dressings were effective in eradicating Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm bacteria. However, only one of the five dressings (Hydrofiber technology with combination antibiofilm/antimicrobial technology) was able to eradicate the more tolerant single-species Candida albicans biofilm. In a more complex and stringent CDFR biofilm model, the hydrofiber dressing with combined antibiofilm/antimicrobial technology was the only dressing that was able to eradicate multispecies biofilms such that no viable organisms were recovered. Conclusion: Given the detrimental effects of biofilm on wound healing, stringent in vitro biofilm models are increasingly required to investigate the efficacy of antimicrobial dressings. Using accredited in vitro biofilm models of increasing complexity, differentiation in the performance of dressings with combined antibiofilm/antimicrobial technology against those with antimicrobial properties alone, was demonstrated.

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Multifactorial Effects of Gelling Conditions on Mechanical Properties of Skin-Like Gelatin Membranes Intended for In Vitro Experimentation and Artificial Skin Models

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13121991 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 1991

Author(s):

Lilian C. Alarcón-Segovia ◽

Jorge I. Daza-Agudelo ◽

Ignacio Rintoul

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Wound Care ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Cosmetic Products ◽

Synthesis Conditions ◽

Skin Contact ◽

Alternative Materials ◽

Different Types

The development of new cosmetic products, skin contact medical devices, skin medicaments, wound care devices, tattooing and piercing has experienced an impressive growth in recent years. In parallel, new restrictions to in vivo experimentation in animals and humans have been widely implemented by regulatory authorities. New knowledge about alternative materials for in vitro skin-related experimentation is required to overcome these severe limitations. This paper presents a set of three 4-D surface response equations describing the mechanical properties of skin-like gelatin membranes intended for use as an alternative biomaterial for in vitro skin-related experimentation. The membranes were obtained by a sol-gel method. The novelty of this contribution is the establishment of the cross-dependency effects of key synthesis conditions on the final mechanical properties of gelatin membranes. The results of this work are useful to produce gelatin membranes with tailored mechanical properties mimicking different types of human skins. In particular, membranes with Young’s modulus of 1 MPa and maximum tensile strength of 0.85 MPa were obtained.

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