scholarly journals Fluorine (19F) MRI to Measure Renal Oxygen Tension and Blood Volume: Experimental Protocol

2021 ◽  
pp. 509-518
Author(s):  
Lingzhi Hu ◽  
Hua Pan ◽  
Samuel A. Wickline
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Spectral Signature ◽  
High Signal ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Fluorine Nucleus ◽  
Imaging And Spectroscopy ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
Kidney Imaging

AbstractFluorinated compounds feature favorable toxicity profile and can be used as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Fluorine nucleus from fluorinated compounds exhibit well-known advantages of being a high signal nucleus with a natural abundance of its stable isotope, a convenient gyromagnetic ratio close to that of protons, and a unique spectral signature with no detectable background at clinical field strengths. Perfluorocarbon core nanoparticles (PFC NP) are a class of clinically approved emulsion agents recently applied in vivo for ligand-targeted molecular imaging. The objective of this chapter is to outline a multinuclear 1H/19F MRI protocol for functional kidney imaging in rodents for mapping of renal blood volume and oxygenation (pO2) in renal disease models.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by a separate chapter describing the basic concept of functional imaging using fluorine (19F) MR methods.

scholarly journals Experimental Protocol for MRI Mapping of the Blood Oxygenation-Sensitive Parameters T2* and T2 in the Kidney

2021 ◽  
pp. 403-417
Author(s):  
Andreas Pohlmann ◽  
Kaixuan Zhao ◽  
Sean B. Fain ◽  
Pottumarthi V. Prasad ◽  
Thoralf Niendorf
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Absolute Quantification ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Contrast Mechanism ◽  
Oxygenation Level ◽  
Fraction Of Inspired Oxygen ◽  
Renal Mri

AbstractRenal hypoxia is generally accepted as a key pathophysiologic event in acute kidney injury of various origins, and has also been suggested to play a role in the development of chronic kidney disease. Here we describe a step-by-step experimental protocol for indirect monitoring of renal blood oxygenation in rodents via the deoxyhemoglobin sensitive MR parameters T2* and T2—a contrast mechanism known as the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) effect. Since an absolute quantification of renal oxygenation from T2*/T2 remains challenging, the effects of controlled and standardized variations in the fraction of inspired oxygen are used for bench marking. This MRI method may be useful for investigating renal blood oxygenation of small rodents in vivo under various experimental (patho)physiological conditions.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.

scholarly journals Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE) MRI-Derived Renal Perfusion and Filtration: Experimental Protocol

2021 ◽  
pp. 429-441
Author(s):  
Pietro Irrera ◽  
Lorena Consolino ◽  
Walter Dastrù ◽  
Michael Pedersen ◽  
Frank G. Zöllner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Perfusion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
Dce Mri ◽  
Dynamic Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost

AbstractDynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) can provide a noninvasive way for assessing renal functional information following the administration of a small molecular weight gadolinium-based contrast agent. This method may be useful for investigating renal perfusion and glomerular filtration rates of rodents in vivo under various experimental (patho)physiological conditions. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for DCE-MRI studies in small animals providing practical notes on acquisition parameters, sequences, T1 mapping approaches and procedures.This chapters is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.

scholarly journals Fluorine (19F) MRI for Assessing Inflammatory Cells in the Kidney: Experimental Protocol

2021 ◽  
pp. 495-507
Author(s):  
Min-Chi Ku ◽  
Adrian Schreiber ◽  
Paula Ramos Delgado ◽  
Philipp Boehm-Sturm ◽  
Ralph Kettritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Noninvasive Technique ◽  
Renal Inflammation ◽  
Progression Of Kidney Disease ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Renal Mri

AbstractInflammation is one underlying contributing factor in the pathology of acute and chronic kidney disorders. Phagocytes such as monocytes, neutrophils and dendritic cells are considered to play a deleterious role in the progression of kidney disease but may also contribute to organ homeostasis. The kidney is a target of life-threatening autoimmune disorders such as the antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV). Neutrophils and monocytes express ANCA antigens and play an important role in the pathogenesis of AAV. Noninvasive in vivo methods that can quantify the distribution of inflammatory cells in the kidney as well as other organs in vivo would be vital to identify the causality and significance of inflammation during disease progression. Here we describe an noninvasive technique to study renal inflammation in rodents in vivo using fluorine (19F) MRI. In this protocol we chose a murine ANCA-AAV model of renal inflammation and made use of nanoparticles prepared from perfluoro-5-crown-15-ether (PFCE) for renal 19F MRI.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.

scholarly journals Hyperpolarized Carbon (13C) MRI of the Kidney: Experimental Protocol

2021 ◽  
pp. 481-493
Author(s):  
Christoffer Laustsen ◽  
Cornelius von Morze ◽  
Galen D. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Renal Metabolism ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Cost

AbstractAlterations in renal metabolism are associated with both physiological and pathophysiologic events. The existing noninvasive analytic tools including medical imaging have limited capability for investigating these processes, which potentially limits current understanding of kidney disease and the precision of its clinical diagnosis. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI is a new medical imaging modality that can capture changes in the metabolic processing of certain rapidly metabolized substrates, as well as changes in kidney function. Here we describe experimental protocols for renal metabolic [1-13C]pyruvate and functional 13C-urea imaging step-by-step. These methods and protocols are useful for investigating renal blood flow and function as well as the renal metabolic status of rodents in vivo under various experimental (patho)physiological conditions.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.

scholarly journals Renal pH Mapping Using Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) MRI: Experimental Protocol

2021 ◽  
pp. 455-471
Author(s):  
Kowsalya Devi Pavuluri ◽  
Lorena Consolino ◽  
Dario Livio Longo ◽  
Pietro Irrera ◽  
Phillip Zhe Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Exchange ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Environmental Variable ◽  
Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Saturation Transfer ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Cest Mri ◽  
Renal Mri

AbstractChemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is recognized as one of the premier methods for measuring pH with this environmental variable expected to be an excellent biomarker for kidney diseases. Here we describe step-by-step CEST MRI experimental protocols for producing pH and perfusion maps for monitoring kidney pH homeostasis in rodents after administering iopamidol as contrast agent. Several CEST techniques, acquisition protocols and ratiometric approaches are described. The impact of length of acquisition time on the quality of the maps is detailed. These methods may be useful for investigating progression in kidney disease in vivo for rodent models.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concepts and data analysis.

Further Evidence in Vivo for a Circulating Natriuretic Substance after Expanding the Blood Volume in Rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 423-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Knock
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Bilateral Nephrectomy ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Equivalent Time

1. The blood volume of 18 rats was expanded with blood with which they were equilibrated. In another 18 rats undergoing the same experimental protocol, the blood volume was not expanded. 2. In some rats the urine was reinfused. 3. A 1 ml portion of plasma obtained either 1 h after the blood volume was expanded, or at an equivalent time from the control rats, was injected intravenously into an assay rat. 4. The injection of plasma produced a gradual and significant rise in sodium excretion in the assay rat when it was obtained from an animal with an expanded blood volume, the urine of which was being reinfused. 5. When the increase in blood volume was sustained by a preceding bilateral nephrectomy, instead of urine reinfusion, the injection of 1 ml of plasma into an assay rat did not cause a rise in urinary sodium excretion. 6. It is concluded that the natriuresis involved in the assay rat was caused by a natriuretic substance in the 1 ml of plasma obtained from the blood-volume-expanded urine-reinfused rat. 7. The experiments suggest that the natriuretic substance is excreted in the urine and may be produced in the kidney.

scholarly journals Experimental Protocols for MRI Mapping of Renal T1

2021 ◽  
pp. 383-402
Author(s):  
Philippe Garteiser ◽  
Octavia Bane ◽  
Sabrina Doblas ◽  
Iris Friedli ◽  
Stefanie Hectors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Animal ◽  
Water Proton ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Imaging Protocol ◽  
European Cooperation ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
Kidney Imaging ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Clinical Scanner

AbstractThe water proton longitudinal relaxation time, T1, is a common and useful MR parameter in nephrology research. Here we provide three step-by-step T1-mapping protocols suitable for different types of nephrology research. Firstly, we provide a single-slice 2D saturation recovery protocol suitable for studies of global pathology, where whole-kidney coverage is unnecessary. Secondly, we provide an inversion recovery type imaging protocol that may be optimized for specific kidney disease applications. Finally, we also provide imaging protocol for small animal kidney imaging in a clinical scanner.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.

scholarly journals Preparation of Ex Vivo Rodent Phantoms for Developing, Testing, and Training MR Imaging of the Kidney and Other Organs

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-85
Author(s):  
Jason M. Millward ◽  
João S. Periquito ◽  
Paula Ramos Delgado ◽  
Christian Prinz ◽  
Thoralf Niendorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Preclinical Mri ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
And Training

AbstractHere we describe a simple and inexpensive protocol for preparing ex vivo rodent phantoms for use in MR imaging studies. The experimental animals are perfused and fixed with formaldehyde, and then wrapped with gauze and sealed with liquid latex. This yields a phantom that preserves all organs in situ, and which avoids the need to keep fixed animals and organs in containers that have dimensions very different from living animals. This is especially important for loading in MR detectors, and specifically the RF coils, they are usually used with. The phantom can be safely stored and conveniently reused, and can provide MR scientists with a realistic phantom with which to establish protocols in preparation for preclinical in vivo studies—for renal, brain, and body imaging. The phantom also serves as an ideal teaching tool, for trainees learning how to perform preclinical MRI investigations of the kidney and other target organs, while avoiding the need for handling living animals, and reducing the total number of animals required.This protocol chapter is part of the PARENCHIMA initiative “MRI Biomarkers for CKD” (CA16103), a community-driven Action of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.

scholarly journals Functional Imaging Using Fluorine (19F) MR Methods: Basic Concepts

2021 ◽  
pp. 279-299
Author(s):  
Sonia Waiczies ◽  
Christian Prinz ◽  
Ludger Starke ◽  
Jason M. Millward ◽  
Paula Ramos Delgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
European Cooperation ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Signal Sensitivity ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Applications

AbstractKidney-associated pathologies would greatly benefit from noninvasive and robust methods that can objectively quantify changes in renal function. In the past years there has been a growing incentive to develop new applications for fluorine (19F) MRI in biomedical research to study functional changes during disease states. 19F MRI represents an instrumental tool for the quantification of exogenous 19F substances in vivo. One of the major benefits of 19F MRI is that fluorine in its organic form is absent in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, the introduction of exogenous 19F signals in vivo will yield background-free images, thus providing highly selective detection with absolute specificity in vivo. Here we introduce the concept of 19F MRI, describe existing challenges, especially those pertaining to signal sensitivity, and give an overview of preclinical applications to illustrate the utility and applicability of this technique for measuring renal function in animal models.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.

scholarly journals Monitoring Renal Hemodynamics and Oxygenation by Invasive Probes: Experimental Protocol

2021 ◽  
pp. 327-347
Author(s):  
Kathleen Cantow ◽  
Mechthild Ladwig-Wiegard ◽  
Bert Flemming ◽  
Andreas Pohlmann ◽  
Thoralf Niendorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Animal ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Perfusion ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Renal Hemodynamics ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Integrative Physiology ◽  
Renal Mri

AbstractRenal tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia are early key elements in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury of various origins, and may also promote progression from acute injury to chronic kidney disease. Here we describe methods to study control of renal hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation by means of invasive probes in anesthetized rats. Step-by-step protocols are provided for two setups, one for experiments in laboratories for integrative physiology and the other for experiments within small-animal magnetic resonance scanners.This publication is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by a separate chapter describing the basic concepts of quantitatively assessing renal perfusion and oxygenation with invasive probes.

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