Determinants of the General Demand for Labour at the Level of the Firm

1990 ◽  
pp. 55-69
Author(s):  
David Ashton ◽  
Malcolm Maguire ◽  
Mark Spilsbury
Keyword(s):  
General Demand

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Joint Commitment ◽  
General Demand

Given the practical significance of demand-rights, it is important to understand how they are possible. This is the general demand-right problem. Solving it turns out to be a challenging task, one that takes us beyond the resources of the central contemporary theories of rights.This book has provided a solution to the general demand-right problem: joint commitment is a ground of demand-rights....

Hiring Auditors with a Part II Quality Control Report: An Opportunity for Increased Earnings Management or Lower Audit Fees?

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-93
Author(s):  
Jared Eutsler ◽  
D. Kip Holderness ◽  
Megan M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Audit Fees ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
The Public ◽  
Audit Firms ◽  
Public Company ◽  
General Demand ◽  
Systemic Quality

ABSTRACT The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board's (PCAOB) Part II inspection reports, which disclose systemic quality control issues that auditors fail to remediate, signal poor audit quality for triennially inspected audit firms. Auditors that receive a Part II inspection report typically experience a decrease in clients, which demonstrates a general demand for audit quality. However, some companies hire auditors that receive Part II inspection reports. We examine potential reasons for hiring these audit firms. We find that relative to companies that switch to auditors without Part II reports, companies that switch to auditors with Part II reports have higher discretionary accruals in the first fiscal year after the switch, which indicates lower audit quality and a heightened risk for future fraud. We find no difference in audit fees. Our results suggest that PCAOB Part II inspection reports may signal low-quality auditors to companies that desire low-quality audits. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text.

scholarly journals Biocontrol Activity of Three Pseudomonas in a Newly Assembled Collection of Phytophthora infestans Isolates

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 1555-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mout De Vrieze ◽  
Ramona Gloor ◽  
Josep Massana Codina ◽  
Stefano Torriani ◽  
Katia Gindro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Leaf Disc ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Biocontrol Activity ◽  
General Demand ◽  
Resistant Genotypes ◽  
Highly Virulent ◽  
Alternative Control Methods ◽  
Open Access Article

Late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans constitutes the greatest threat to potato production worldwide. Considering the increasing concerns regarding the emergence of novel fungicide-resistant genotypes and the general demand for reducing inputs of synthetic and copper-based fungicides, the need for alternative control methods is acute. Several bacterial antagonists have shown anti-Phytophthora effects during in vitro and greenhouse experiments. We report the effects of three Pseudomonas strains recovered from field-grown potatoes against a collection of P. infestans isolates assembled for this study. The collection comprised 19 P. infestans isolates of mating types A1 and A2 greatly varying in fungicide resistance and virulence profiles as deduced from leaf disc experiments on Black’s differential set. The mycelial growth of all P. infestans isolates was fully inhibited when co-cultivated with the most active Pseudomonas strain (R47). Moreover, the isolates reacted differently to exposure to the less active Pseudomonas strains (S19 and R76). Leaf disc infection experiments with six selected P. infestans isolates showed that four of them, including highly virulent and fungicide-resistant ones, could be efficiently controlled by different potato-associated Pseudomonas strains. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

To Adopt or Not to Adopt Proportional Representation: The Politics of Institutional Choice

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRÉ BLAIS ◽  
AGNIESKA DOBRZYNSKA ◽  
INDRIDI H. INDRIDASON
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Party System ◽  
Proportional Representation ◽  
Institutional Choice ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Movement ◽  
General Demand

In September 1864, the Association Internationale pour le Progrès des Sciences Sociales met in Amsterdam to examine the system of proportional representation (PR) which had just been proposed by Thomas Hare. The meeting signalled a growing interest in systems of PR across the more democratic nations of the world – some of which had already begun experimenting with it. Sixty years later, the majority of existing democracies, including Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland, had adopted PR for the election of their national legislatures.Why did so many countries decide to shift to PR? Why did the shift occur at a given point in time, not earlier or later? Why did some countries never move to PR? These are the questions that we address in this Note.We are interested in exploring the factors that influenced the decision to adopt PR at the turn of the twentieth century. We argue that two factors of considerable theoretical relevance were particularly important in facilitating the shift to PR: the spread of democratic ideas and the presence of a majority (usually two-round) system and, as a consequence, a multi-party system.Carstairs's classic history of electoral systems shows that at the turn of the twentieth century there was a strong demand for PR, which was linked to a more general demand for democratization. As Carstairs notes,there was a general movement in the direction of more democratic political institutions which took several different forms … There was a movement for the establishment or strengthening of parliamentary institutions … Extensions of the franchise for parliamentary elections enabled an increasingly large proportion of the population to gain representation in parliament … With these developments it became a matter of increasing concern that the elected members of parliament and the parties they supported should fairly represent the various interests and opinions of the electorate.

THE LEARNING EFFECT ON SETUP COST REDUCTION FOR MIXTURE INVENTORY MODELS WITH VARIABLE LEAD TIME

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (04) ◽  
pp. 513-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
JASON CHAO-HSIEN PAN ◽  
MING-CHENG LO
Keyword(s):  
Learning Curve ◽  
Lead Time ◽  
Learning Effect ◽  
Total Annual Cost ◽  
Setup Cost ◽  
Demand Distribution ◽  
Solution Algorithms ◽  
Learning Rates ◽  
General Demand ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the impact of learning curve effect on setup cost for the continuous review inventory model involving controllable lead time with the mixture of backorder and partial lost sales. A learning curve is a well known tool which describes the relation between the performance of a task and the number of repetitions of that task. The objective of this study is to minimize the expected total annual cost by simultaneously optimizing order quantity, safety factor and lead time under different setup learning rates. There are two models considered in the paper, one with normal demand distribution and another with general demand distribution having both mean and variance known and finite. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the procedures of the proposed solution algorithms, along with the savings on the total costs of the models with the inclusion of the learning effect on setup.

CONTINUOUS REVIEW INVENTORY MODELS FOR PERISHABLE ITEMS WITH LEADTIMES

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Opher Baron ◽  
Oded Berman ◽  
David Perry
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Perishable Items ◽  
Continuous Review ◽  
Demand Distribution ◽  
Cost Criterion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Demand Variability ◽  
General Demand ◽  
The Cost

We consider a continuous review (s, S) model of perishable items with lost sales. Once items are perished the entire inventory drops instantaneously to zero. The total cost includes the cost of: ordering, unsatisfied demand, units destroyed, holding, and fixed cost of perishability. Both the time to perishability and the lead times are assumed to be exponentially distributed while two cases of demand distribution are considered: Poisson and compound Poisson with general demand sizes. We study the average cost criterion and provide computational results on the problem of finding the optimal re-order level, s, and order up-to level, S. None of the known work on the subject is as general as the model presented here. Our analysis leads to several insights on the optimal (s, S) policies for perishable items in the presence of lead times. For example, we demonstrate that the effectiveness of a heuristic that ignores perishability (and is also analyzed here) decreases with the demand variability and that the cost may either increase or decrease with this variability.

scholarly journals Satisficing Newsvendor Problem with the Optimism Coefficient

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-271
Author(s):  
Milena Bieniek
Keyword(s):  
Decision Maker ◽  
Positive Constant ◽  
Newsvendor Problem ◽  
Expected Profit ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Demand Distribution ◽  
General Demand

Abstract In this research note the satisficing newsvendor problem is considered which is defined as the maximization of the probability of exceeding the expected profit multiplied by a positive constant. This constant called optimism coefficient can be chosen by the firm’s management either based on their preference or the market conditions. The coefficient indicates whether there is a low or high optimistic decision maker. For the general demand distribution the results are significantly dependent on this coefficient.

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