Hanif Kureishi and the Politics of Cultural Hybridity

1999 ◽  
pp. 273-281
Author(s):  
Bart Moore-Gilbert
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (21/22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Rygiel

The concept of cultural hybridity has been widely discussed since the 1980s, especially within cultural and postcolonial studies. Hybridity directly results from cross-frontiers movements of migrants and cross-cultural flows that in Britain extended beyond WW II. It opposes the idea of limited or even closed identity and cultural bonds. The notion of hybridity has mainly been related to second-generation immigrants who were brought up in between two different worlds and two societies: the ethnic and the dominant ones. The paper focuses on first-generation immigrants of South Asian origin portrayed in literary works by Monica Ali and Hanif Kureishi in terms of the phenomenon of hybridity and the level of the immigrants’ assimilation into the host community.   Kultuurihübriidsuse mõiste üle on eriti just kultuuriuuringute ja postkoloniaalsete uuringute vallas laialdaselt arutletud alates 1980. aastatest. Artikli alguses mainitakse hübriidsuse kõige olulisemaid definitsioone, sest see mõiste koondab väga paljusid ideid. Kõigepealt selgitatakse mõiste bioloogilist tähendust, kirjeldatakse hübridiseerumise allikaid ja liigutakse tunnustatud teoreetikute Stuart Halli ja Homi Bhabha pakutud definitsioonideni. Hübriidsus on migrantide piireületava liikumise ja kultuuride vaheliste mõjude otseseks tulemuseks, sellele vastandub piiratud või lausa suletud identiteedi idee. Tegemist on vana nähtusega, mis tekkis juba kolonialismieelsel ajajärgul, kuid muutus järjest üldisemaks sõjajärgsel perioodil, kui Suurbritannias toimus massiline immigratsioon endistest kolooniatest. Termin on peamiselt seotud teise põlvkonna immigrantidega, nagu näiteks Suurbritannias elavad Lõuna-Aasia maade päritolu inimesed, kes kasvasid üles kahe erisuguse maailma ja ühiskonna – oma etnilise ühiskonna ja domineeriva ühiskonna vahel. Tuleb märkida, et tavaliselt teevad just teise põlvkonna immigrandid läbi hübridiseerumise protsessi. Mis toimub esimese põlvkonna immigrantidega? Kuidas mõjutab nende identiteeti fakt, et nad elavad oma kodumaast kaugel? Artikkel püüab vastata küsimusele, kas Suurbritannias elavaid esimese põlvkonna Lõuna-Aasia maade päritolu immigrante võib ka hübriidsetena identifitseerida. Keskendutakse identiteedi formeerumisele kahel tegelasel, kes esindavad Lõuna-Aasia immigrantide esimest põlvkonda Suurbritannias: Monica Ali raamatu „Brick Lane“ („Telliskivitee“, 2003) tegelane Chanu ja üks Hanif Kureishi raamatu „The Buddha of Suburbia“ („Äärelinna Buddha“, 1990) peategelasi, Haroon. Chanu saabus Londonisse 1970. aastatel eesmärgiga teenida palju raha, teha poliitilist karjääri ja pöörduda eduka ning lugupeetud mehena tagasi Bangladeshi. Ta lõpetas Dhaka Ülikooli, kuid otsustas Inglismaale emigreeruda, kus ta lootis leida tasuvat ja vastutusrikast tööd. Ta kavatses teenida piisavalt palju, et osta Dhakas maja ja anda oma pojale hea haridus. Vastupidiselt tema ootustele ei lange talle osaks mingit eeliskohtlemist, vaid ta peab minema elama teiste Bangladeshi immigrantide juurde Londoni Tower Hamletsi linnaossa. Hoolimata sellest, et ta elab Londonis, ei unusta Chanu kordagi oma kultuuripärandit ja peab oma kultuurilist tagapõhja äärmiselt tähtsaks. Haroon käis koloniseeritud Indias korralikes koolides ja sai hea Briti kirjanduse-alase hariduse. Nagu Chanu, lahkus temagi kodumaalt, et osa saada Inglismaa kõrgest elustandardist. Tegelik elu Inglismaal ei vasta aga ta ootustele. Tema hea inglise keele oskus ja suured teadmised inglise kultuurist ja kirjandusest ei suurenda tema võimalusi saada enamusühiskonna osaks. Ta üritab igati valdavasse ühiskonda integreeruda, kuid jääb siiski võõraks – üheks paljudest Londonisse jõudnud India immigrantidest. Ühest küljest unistab ta vastuvõtva ühiskonna täieõiguslikuks liikmeks saamisest, teisest küljest aga ei loobu ta oma kultuurilisest tagapõhjast. Niipea, kui ta mõistab, et tema India päritolu võib osutuda eeliseks, käivitab ta omaenda äri, mis tõmbab valgeid inglasi ligi eksotitsismi ja müstikaga. Artikkel analüüsib mõlema tegelase identiteeti kujundavaid elemente ja kirjeldab, kui suurel määral neil õnnestub vastuvõtvasse ühiskonda assimileeruda. Artikli viimane osa võtab kokku nende identiteedi formeerumise protsessi ja vastab küsimusele, kas Suurbritannias elavaid Lõuna-Aasia päritolu esimese põlvkonna immigrante võib nimetada kultuurihübriidideks. Samuti selgitatakse lühidalt hübriidsuse rolli tänapäevases maailmas.  


Author(s):  
Antonio Urquízar-Herrera

This book offers the first systematic analysis of the cultural and religious appropriation of Andalusian architecture by Spanish historians during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Early Modern Spain was left with a significant Islamic heritage: Córdoba Mosque had been turned into a cathedral, in Seville the Aljama Mosque’s minaret was transformed into a Christian bell tower, and Granada Alhambra had become a Renaissance palace. To date this process of Christian appropriation has frequently been discussed as a phenomenon of hybridisation. However, during that period the construction of a Spanish national identity became a key focus of historical discourse. The aforementioned cultural hybridity encountered partial opposition from those seeking to establish cultural and religious homogeneity. The Iberian Peninsula’s Islamic past became a major concern and historical writing served as the site for a complex negotiation of identity. Historians and antiquarians used a range of strategies to re-appropriate the meaning of medieval Islamic heritage as befitted the new identity of Spain as a Catholic monarchy and empire. On one hand, the monuments’ Islamic origin was subjected to historical revisions and re-identified as Roman or Phoenician. On the other hand, religious forgeries were invented that staked claims for buildings and cities having been founded by Christians prior to the arrival of the Muslims in Spain. Islamic stones were used as core evidence in debates shaping the early development of archaeology, and they also became the centre of a historical controversy about the origin of Spain as a nation and its ecclesiastical history.


2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
William Burgwinkle

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Richard Gehrmann
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
Suryaningsi Mila

This paper examines the application of cross-textual reading on the story of women around Moses in the Qur'an and the Bible by grassroots Muslim and Christian women in the village of Wendewa Utara, Central Sumba. Due to the involvement of women, then I apply the feminist approach to analyze the dynamics of cross-textual reading. During several focus group discussions, cross-textual reading was run smoothly because the participants are bound by kinship ties. They are also rooted in Sumbanese cultural values that reflect Marapu religious values. In other words, Muslim and Christian women are living in a context of socio-religious-cultural hybridity in which their religious identity intermingles with their cultural identity. For this reason, this paper describes a project bringing these women into another space of dialogue through cross-textual reading. In the cross-textual reading, both grassroots Muslim and Christian women are crossing their religious borders by finding resonant commonalities between the two texts, as they explore the affirmative, enriched, and irreconcilable difference as well. Cross-textual reading is a new adventure for both Muslim and Christian women in Wendewa Utara.  The participants were enthusiastic because the material readings encourage them to share their problems, joys, hopes, and dreams. By reflecting on the struggle of women around Moses, the participants are committed to supporting one another in their daily life. Accordingly, this model of reading creates a safe space for grassroots Muslim and Christian women to learn from one another for mutual enrichment.  


Poligrafi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (99/100) ◽  
pp. 5-26
Author(s):  
Carool Kersten

In the first two decades of the twenty-first century inter-faith encounters have become a casualty of a paradigm shift in the thinking about the global order from the political-ideological bi-polar worldview of the Cold War era to a multipolar world marred by the prospect of culture wars along civilisational fault lines shaped by religiously-informed identity politics. On the back of 9/11 and other atrocities perpetrated by violent extremists from Muslim backgrounds, in particular relations with Muslims and the Islamic world are coined in binary terms of us-versus-them. Drawing on earlier research on cosmopolitanism, cultural hybridity and liminality, this article examines counter narratives to such modes of dichotomous thinking. It also seeks to shift away from the abstractions of collective religious identity formations to an appreciation of individual interpretations of religion. For that purpose, the article interrogates the notions of cultural schizophrenia, double genealogy and west-eastern affinities developed by philosophers and creative writers, such as Daryush Shayegan, Abdelwahab Meddeb, and Navid Kermani.


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