VYSHKOVO REFORMED CHURCH – THE INCREDIBLY VALUABLE ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENT OF WESTERN UKRAINE

The church, built according to various sources in the IX-XIII centuries, is interesting for its monumental, restrained architecture and preserved interior. The clear straight lines of the building with sharp elements remind us of the Gothic style, although according to legend it was built much earlier. Covered with drawings of the XVIII century. the ceiling of the temple is related to the famous painted ceiling of the church in Chetfalva. Next to the church is a beautiful, shingled wooden bell tower of the Marmara type. The monument is located in a picturesque, well-groomed courtyard, surrounded on all sides by a wall, where exotic trees and flowers grow. In front of the entrance gate there are several Hungarian carved wooden sculptures erected in memory of important historical events in Vyshkovo. The purpose of the article is to attract the attention and acquaint readers with the incredibly valuable architectural monument of Western Ukraine – Vyshkovo Reformed Church. The article presents the preconditions and the process of construction, determining the type of materials used, design analysis, detailed consideration of decorative elements and various plans of the oldest church in Transcarpathia. My own research of this architectural object, which I have been conducting for three months, describes to us: the methods of construction at that time, the execution of the frames of door and window openings, and the decoration of the facade of the church. Religion has always played an important role in the life of the people of Vyshkovo. People are proud of their church, they constantly visit it. Being in the middle of the building, there is a feeling of authenticity and complete immersion in the events described by the priest, because of the very good acoustics of this ancient church.

SAINT NICHOLAS CHURCH IN UNEZHMA VILLAGE: HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE

The article deals with a relatively unknown monument of wooden architecture – the Saint Nicholas Church (1824) in Unezhma village of the Onega District in the Arkhangelsk Region. The monument is extremely hard to reach, and it is located in a unique natural environment. The church stands out due to its architecture; however, it is poorly studied in terms of its construction history, architectural and artistic features, and interconnections with regional traditions. The church is described together with the bell tower built in 1792 as an architectural complex existing for more than four hundred years. The study is based on historical archival sources and on-site survey results. The authors traced the construction history of the Saint Nicholas Church and identified its construction stages. The appearance of the building at each construction stage was substantiated and presented through graphical reconstructions. The building was compared to similar structures found in the Onega Pomorye, and its specific architectural features were exposed. The building was also studied from the structural point of view. Based on the results of the comparison with similar structures and the analysis of their historical changes, the author made some conclusions about the original design of the church top. Historical data on the preceding church were interpreted and used to create its graphical reconstruction, together with the analysis of local architectural traditions. Thus, the article brings to light the construction history and development of the Unezhma church complex. The architecture of the Saint Nicholas Church and the bell tower has its distinctive features, but it ultimately conforms to the church-building traditions of the Onega Pomorye.

HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXALTATION OF THE HOLY CROSS MONASTERY IN MANYAVA (GREAT MANYAVSKY HERMITAGE) XVII-XX CENTURIES

The article traces the history of the origin of the Manyavsky Hermitage and reveals the stages of development of the monastery from the beginning of its foundation and formation, prosperity to the decline, destruction and revival in our time. In the course of the research, the architectural-spatial and planning structure of the monastery ensemble of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross in Manyava were analyzed. The originality of the ensemble lies not only in the harmonious combination of wooden, brick monastic buildings, surrounded by fortified thick walls with three towers but also in a kind of architectural and spatial combination of the main cathedral, which dominates the cells and other temples, with high dominants - the Treasury Tower and the Bell Tower. Diverse in architectural-compositional and artistic solutions, the material of construction, monastic buildings are organically integrated into the existing landscape environment and form a holistic architectural ensemble. The monastery buildings of the Great Manyavsky Hermitage have architectural and artistic value, belong to the historical and cultural heritage, and are an invaluable spiritual heritage of Ukraine.

Pyatnitsky Monastery on the Ivangorod Road: to the History of a Forgotten Monument of the 16 century

Монастырь св. Параскевы Пятницы и св. чудотворцев Космы и Дамиана и располагался в конце XVI-XVII в. на дороге, соединявшей крепости Ям и Ивангород. Основан между 1577 и 1581 г., тогда же был выстроен каменный Пятницкий храм. К концу XVII в. монастырский комплекс был заброшен. В середине XVIII в. храм восстановлен в качестве приходского и освящен в честь архангела Михаила. В начале XX в. к нему пристроена колокольня. Храм полностью разрушен в начале Великой Отечественной войны. Сохранившиеся фундаменты северной части храма с колокольней исследованы раскопками в 2018-2019 гг. В статье приводятся сведения из истории монастыря и храма, публикуются результаты раскопок. Храм трех-апсидный, четырехстолпный, построен из известняка. Предположительно, относится к псковской архитектурной школе. The monastery of St. Paraskeva and St. Miracle workers Kosma and Damian was located at the end of the 16 - 17 centuries on the road connecting the fortresses of Yam and Ivangorod. It was founded between 1577-1581 and at the same time the stone Pyatnitsky Church was built. By the end of the 17 century, the monastery complex was abandoned. In the middle of the 18 century. the church was restored as a parish one and consecrated in honor of the Archangel Michael. At the beginning of the 20 century, a bell tower was added to it. The church was completely destroyed at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. The preserved foundations of the Northern part of the church with the bell tower were investigated by archaeological excavations in 2018-2019. The article provides information from the history of the monastery and the church and presents the excavation results. The church a is three-apse, four-column one, built of limestone. Presumably, it can belong to Pskov architectural school.

Architectural Valorization: Lighting Design Solution for the Bell Tower of “San Pasquale a Chiaia” Church

Christian churches and their bell towers represent a big part of the historical architectural heritage in Italy, and they had a major role in the development of the urban and social fabric of the Italian cities. This study is focused on the design of a lighting renovation for the bell tower of “San Pasquale a Chiaia” (Napoli, south of Italy). The lighting refurbishment is designed with the aim of: (i) emphasizing the architecture of the bell tower façades and (ii) providing a figurative and emotional role to the whole building. Several lighting scenarios have been implemented in order to compare the different luminaire types and arrangements on the basis of the effectiveness in valorizing the architectural characteristics of the bell tower, as well as the energy performances of the different design solutions. Finally, the best case has been further implemented in order to take into account the different needs of the historical building as well as the enhancement of the surrounding urban spaces.

The Giotto's Bell Tower at Firenze (Italy): foundation assessment

PurposeThe paper is aimed at assessing the safety of the Giotto's Bell Tower, with special attention to its foundation system, i.e. the foundation works and soil. The tower, well known all over the world, has a squared plan, with sides of 14.45 m each, and a total height equal to 84.7 m. The structural response of the tower is assessed with reference to the gravitational load and to the expected seismic action, quantified according to the seismic hazard of the site and the foundation soil.Design/methodology/approachA simplified analysis has been performed to check the safety level of the tower to seismic actions. Special attention has been paid to quantify the horizontal actions representing the seismic loads. Such quantification, indeed, has been made both through the elastic spectrum of the tower and by performing a site response analysis on the foundation soil, represented as a one-dimensional stratification of soil layers, described on the basis of experimental investigations. After defining the loading actions, a simplified assessment of the foundation safety has been made by considering the action over foundation, the geotechnical data and the safety factor.FindingsThe findings of the paper concern the assessment of the safety of the tower's foundation system. A lot of experimental data on the foundation soil, provided by various geological investigations, have been provided and used for the assessment. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the materials used for the structure have been collected and shown in the paper.Originality/valueThe paper collects a lot of technical information regarding the Giotto's Bell Tower, both regarding its foundation soil and the constituting materials. On the basis of the collected information, a structural analysis has been made to assess the seismic safety of the tower, and the results of such assessment are provided and discussed.

Seismic Analysis of the Bell Tower of the Church of St. Francis of Assisi on Kaptol in Zagreb by Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method

The paper presents a failure analysis of the bell tower of the church of St. Francis of Assisi on Kaptol in Zagreb subjected to seismic activity using the finite-discrete element method—FDEM. The bell tower is a masonry building, and throughout history it has undergone multiple damages and reconstructions. It was significantly damaged during the earthquake in Zagreb which occurred on 22 March 2020 with a magnitude of 5.5. The analysis was performed on a simplified FDEM 2D numerical model which corresponds to the structure in its current pre-disaster state and the structure after the proposed post-disaster reconstruction. The obtained results showed a good agreement of the crack pattern in the numerical model and the cracks that occurred due to these earthquakes. In addition, the conclusions based on the conducted analysis can provide a better insight into the behaviour and serve as guidelines to engineers for the design of such and similar structures.