scholarly journals Neither Eastern nor Western: Cultural Hybrids in Modern British-Asian Fiction / Ei ida ega lääs: kultuurihübriidid tänapäeva Aasia päritolu Briti kirjanike teostes

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (21/22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Rygiel
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Postcolonial Studies ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Cultural Hybridity ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Hanif Kureishi ◽  
Homi Bhabha ◽  
Ww Ii ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
The Buddha

The concept of cultural hybridity has been widely discussed since the 1980s, especially within cultural and postcolonial studies. Hybridity directly results from cross-frontiers movements of migrants and cross-cultural flows that in Britain extended beyond WW II. It opposes the idea of limited or even closed identity and cultural bonds. The notion of hybridity has mainly been related to second-generation immigrants who were brought up in between two different worlds and two societies: the ethnic and the dominant ones. The paper focuses on first-generation immigrants of South Asian origin portrayed in literary works by Monica Ali and Hanif Kureishi in terms of the phenomenon of hybridity and the level of the immigrants’ assimilation into the host community.   Kultuurihübriidsuse mõiste üle on eriti just kultuuriuuringute ja postkoloniaalsete uuringute vallas laialdaselt arutletud alates 1980. aastatest. Artikli alguses mainitakse hübriidsuse kõige olulisemaid definitsioone, sest see mõiste koondab väga paljusid ideid. Kõigepealt selgitatakse mõiste bioloogilist tähendust, kirjeldatakse hübridiseerumise allikaid ja liigutakse tunnustatud teoreetikute Stuart Halli ja Homi Bhabha pakutud definitsioonideni. Hübriidsus on migrantide piireületava liikumise ja kultuuride vaheliste mõjude otseseks tulemuseks, sellele vastandub piiratud või lausa suletud identiteedi idee. Tegemist on vana nähtusega, mis tekkis juba kolonialismieelsel ajajärgul, kuid muutus järjest üldisemaks sõjajärgsel perioodil, kui Suurbritannias toimus massiline immigratsioon endistest kolooniatest. Termin on peamiselt seotud teise põlvkonna immigrantidega, nagu näiteks Suurbritannias elavad Lõuna-Aasia maade päritolu inimesed, kes kasvasid üles kahe erisuguse maailma ja ühiskonna – oma etnilise ühiskonna ja domineeriva ühiskonna vahel. Tuleb märkida, et tavaliselt teevad just teise põlvkonna immigrandid läbi hübridiseerumise protsessi. Mis toimub esimese põlvkonna immigrantidega? Kuidas mõjutab nende identiteeti fakt, et nad elavad oma kodumaast kaugel? Artikkel püüab vastata küsimusele, kas Suurbritannias elavaid esimese põlvkonna Lõuna-Aasia maade päritolu immigrante võib ka hübriidsetena identifitseerida. Keskendutakse identiteedi formeerumisele kahel tegelasel, kes esindavad Lõuna-Aasia immigrantide esimest põlvkonda Suurbritannias: Monica Ali raamatu „Brick Lane“ („Telliskivitee“, 2003) tegelane Chanu ja üks Hanif Kureishi raamatu „The Buddha of Suburbia“ („Äärelinna Buddha“, 1990) peategelasi, Haroon. Chanu saabus Londonisse 1970. aastatel eesmärgiga teenida palju raha, teha poliitilist karjääri ja pöörduda eduka ning lugupeetud mehena tagasi Bangladeshi. Ta lõpetas Dhaka Ülikooli, kuid otsustas Inglismaale emigreeruda, kus ta lootis leida tasuvat ja vastutusrikast tööd. Ta kavatses teenida piisavalt palju, et osta Dhakas maja ja anda oma pojale hea haridus. Vastupidiselt tema ootustele ei lange talle osaks mingit eeliskohtlemist, vaid ta peab minema elama teiste Bangladeshi immigrantide juurde Londoni Tower Hamletsi linnaossa. Hoolimata sellest, et ta elab Londonis, ei unusta Chanu kordagi oma kultuuripärandit ja peab oma kultuurilist tagapõhja äärmiselt tähtsaks. Haroon käis koloniseeritud Indias korralikes koolides ja sai hea Briti kirjanduse-alase hariduse. Nagu Chanu, lahkus temagi kodumaalt, et osa saada Inglismaa kõrgest elustandardist. Tegelik elu Inglismaal ei vasta aga ta ootustele. Tema hea inglise keele oskus ja suured teadmised inglise kultuurist ja kirjandusest ei suurenda tema võimalusi saada enamusühiskonna osaks. Ta üritab igati valdavasse ühiskonda integreeruda, kuid jääb siiski võõraks – üheks paljudest Londonisse jõudnud India immigrantidest. Ühest küljest unistab ta vastuvõtva ühiskonna täieõiguslikuks liikmeks saamisest, teisest küljest aga ei loobu ta oma kultuurilisest tagapõhjast. Niipea, kui ta mõistab, et tema India päritolu võib osutuda eeliseks, käivitab ta omaenda äri, mis tõmbab valgeid inglasi ligi eksotitsismi ja müstikaga. Artikkel analüüsib mõlema tegelase identiteeti kujundavaid elemente ja kirjeldab, kui suurel määral neil õnnestub vastuvõtvasse ühiskonda assimileeruda. Artikli viimane osa võtab kokku nende identiteedi formeerumise protsessi ja vastab küsimusele, kas Suurbritannias elavaid Lõuna-Aasia päritolu esimese põlvkonna immigrante võib nimetada kultuurihübriidideks. Samuti selgitatakse lühidalt hübriidsuse rolli tänapäevases maailmas.  

First-generation immigrants feel socially excluded and have greater pro-violence attitudes than the native population in England and Wales

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Bui ◽  
David P Farrington
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Generational Status ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Content Type ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
Socially Excluded ◽  
Violence Attitudes

Purpose – Studies examining immigrant generational status and violence have supported differences in the prevalence of violence between these groups. The purpose of this paper is to measure relevant risk factors for violence to focus on whether negative perceptions may contribute to understanding the between-generations differences in violence. Based on the literature, it is theorised that pro-violence attitudes would be related to and be higher in second-generation immigrants than first-generation immigrants, and that negative perceptions would mediate the relationship between pro-violence attitudes and violence. Design/methodology/approach – Data to answer the study’s key questions were taken from the 2010-2011 UK citizenship survey, where only the main sample was analysed. Findings – The findings reveal that first-generation immigrants have a higher prevalence of pro-violence attitudes than the native population. Originality/value – This suggests that there is an intergenerational transmission in violent attitudes, and this is a risk factor for actual violence in second-generation immigrants.

scholarly journals Patients’ perception of differences in general practitioners’ attitudes toward immigrants compared to the general population: Qualicopc Slovenia

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Jakič ◽  
Danica Rotar Pavlič
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioners ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Immigrant Population ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Attitudes Toward Immigrants ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
Slovenian Population ◽  
Patients Experience ◽  
Negative Behaviour ◽  
Overall Health Status

Abstract Introduction Globally, the number of immigrants is rising every year, so that the number of immigrants worldwide is estimated at 200 million. In Slovenia, immigrants comprise 6.5% of the overall population. Immigrants bring along to a foreign country their cultural differences and these differences can affect immigrants’ overall health status and lead to chronic health conditions. The aim of this study was to identify patients’ perception of general practitioners’ (GPs’) attitudes toward immigrants in Slovenia. Methods This study was based on the Qualicopc questionnaire. We used the questions that targeted patients’ experience with the appointment at their GP on the day that the study was carried out. Results There were no differences in GPs’ accessibility based on groups included in our study (p>0.05). Compared to the non-immigrant population, first-generation immigrants answered that their GPs were impolite (p=0.018) and that they did not take enough time for them (p=0.038). In addition, they also experienced more difficulties understanding their GP’s instructions (p<0.001). Second-generation immigrants experienced more negative behaviour from GPs, and first-generation immigrants had more difficulties understanding GPs’ instructions. Conclusion There may be some differences in patients’ perception of GPs’ attitudes towards immigrants in comparison with the general Slovenian population. However, based on the perception of the immigrants that do benefit from the medical care it is not possible to judge the GPs’ attitudes towards immigrants as worse compared to their attitude towards the non-immigrant population. Indeed, there may be other reasons why the patients answered the way they did.

Socio-cultural integration of first generation immigrants in Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Terzakis ◽  
IRENE DASKALOPOULOU
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Cultural Integration ◽  
Empirical Estimation ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Demographic Profile ◽  
Migration Factors ◽  
Education And Employment

We analyze the socio-cultural integration (SCI) of first generation immigrants as the outcome of economic integration and regularization. We focus on Greece for which similar evidence do not exist and report SCI levels and the factors that are conducive to them. We construct a simple socio-cultural integration index and analyze its variation against pre and post migration factors, using a sample of 200 first generation immigrants in Greece. Robust empirical estimation techniques are applied. Results reveal interesting findings with regard to immigrants’ types of adaptation to the host community. On a zero to ten scale, average SCI levels are estimated at 5.7  (± 2.5) which is high in absolute terms but low in terms of the degree (type) of integration. After controlling for the socio-demographic profile of the respondents, naturalization and their time living in Greece, we find that education and employment status are the most important determinants of socio-cultural integration.

scholarly journals Analyzing Educational Achievement Differences between Second-Generation Immigrants: Comparing Germany and German-Speaking Switzerland

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes S. Kunz
Keyword(s):  
Test Score ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Score Distribution ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In this study, I provide evidence that the educational achievement of second- generation immigrants in German-speaking Switzerland is greater than in Germany. The impact of the first-generation immigrants’ destination decision on their offspring’s educational achievement seems to be much more important than has been recognized by the existing literature. I identify the test score gap between these students that cannot be explained by differences in individual and family characteristics. Moreover, I show how this gap evolves over the test score distribution and how the least favorably endowed students fare. My results suggest that the educational system of Switzerland, relative to the German system, enhances the performance of immigrants’ children substantially. This disparity is largest when conditioning on the language spoken at home, and prevails even when comparing only students whose parents migrated from the same country of origin.

scholarly journals The (South) American Dream: Mobility and Economic Outcomes of First- and Second-Generation Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century Argentina

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 971-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
European Immigrants ◽  
First And Second Generation

I study the mobility and economic outcomes of European immigrants and their children in nineteenth-century Argentina, the second largest destination country during the Age of Mass Migration. I use new data linking males across censuses and passenger lists of arrivals to Buenos Aires. First-generation immigrants experienced faster occupational upgrading than natives. Occupational mobility was substantial relative to Europe; immigrants holding unskilled occupations upon arrival experienced high rates of occupational upgrading. Second-generation immigrants outperformed the sons of natives in terms of literacy, occupational status and access to property, and experienced higher rates of intergenerational mobility out of unskilled occupations.

scholarly journals Ascertainment Bias in a Historic Cohort Study of Residents in an Asbestos Manufacturing Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2211
Author(s):  
Jeremy D. Wortzel ◽  
Douglas J. Wiebe ◽  
Shabnam Elahi ◽  
Atu Agawu ◽  
Frances K. Barg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Asbestos Exposure ◽  
Ascertainment Bias ◽  
P Value ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Historic Cohort ◽  
Death Data

This paper describes follow-up for a cohort of 4530 residents living in the asbestos manufacturing community of Ambler, PA, U.S. in 1930. Using re-identified census data, cause and date of death data obtained from the genealogic website Ancestry.com, along with geospatial analysis, we explored relationships among demographic characteristics, occupational, paraoccupational and environmental asbestos exposures. We identified death data for 2430/4530 individuals. Exposure differed significantly according to race, gender, age, and recency of immigration to the U.S. Notably, there was a significant difference in the availability of year of death information for non-white vs. white individuals (odds ratio (OR) = 0.62 p-value < 0.001), females (OR = 0.53, p-value < 0.001), first-generation immigrants (OR = 0.67, p-value = 0.001), second-generation immigrants (OR = 0.31, p-value < 0.001) vs. non-immigrants, individuals aged less than 20 (OR = 0.31 p-value < 0.001) and individuals aged 20 to 59 (OR = 0.63, p-value < 0.001) vs. older individuals. Similarly, the cause of death was less often available for non-white individuals (OR = 0.42, p-value <0.001), first-generation immigrants and (OR = 0.71, p-value = 0.009), second-generation immigrants (OR = 0.49, p-value < 0.001), individuals aged less than 20 (OR = 0.028 p-value < 0.001), and individuals aged 20 to 59 (OR = 0.26, p-value < 0.001). These results identified ascertainment bias that is important to consider in analyses that investigate occupational, para-occupational and environmental asbestos exposure as risk factors for mortality in this historic cohort. While this study attempts to describe methods for assessing itemized asbestos exposure profiles for a community in 1930 using Ancestry.com and other publicly accessible databases, it also highlights how historic cohort studies likely underestimate the impact of asbestos exposure on vulnerable populations. Future work will aim to assess mortality patterns in this cohort.

scholarly journals Obsessive beliefs and subtypes of obsessive-compulsive symptoms amongst immigrant children and early adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Pozza ◽  
Anna Coluccia ◽  
Silvia Casale ◽  
Donatella Marazziti ◽  
Federico Mucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Immigrant Youth ◽  
Early Adolescents ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
First And Second Generation

Abstract Background. Vulnerability factors for obsessive-compulsive (OC) features in immigrant youth are under-studied. The migration process can have a highly stressful impact on the psychological wellbeing of the individual and it may represent a precipitating factor for different forms of psychopathology. Little is known about the occurrence of OC traits. Unlike other European countries, immigration to Italy is a recent phenomenon. In community children/early adolescents, this study compared OC general symptoms/subtypes and vulnerability cognitive factors amongst Italian natives, first- and second-generation immigrants, and examined whether such vulnerability factors moderate the relation between immigrant status and OC symptoms/subtypes, beyond socio-demographic/clinical variables. Methods. Two hundred sixty-eight children/early adolescents (99 natives, 82 and 87 first- and second-generation immigrants respectively) completed the Obsessive Belief Questionnaire-Child Version, Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version, Spence’s Children Anxiety Scale, Children’s Depression Inventory.Results. As compared with the other groups, first-generation immigrants had the highest levels of perfectionism and threat overestimation. Both first- and second-generation immigrants had higher doubting – checking traits than natives. First-generation immigrants with higher threat overestimation showed lower obsessing traits. Conclusions. Community screening programs for OC features should consider immigrant youth as a vulnerable group and, potentially, the target of an early intervention.

What determines the trust of immigrants in criminal justice institutions in Europe?

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje Röder ◽  
Peter Mühlau
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines whether the confidence of immigrants in European countries in criminal justice institutions can be explained by two counteracting processes: expectations formed in the country of origin and discrimination experienced in the residence country. The study draws on the pooled waves of the European Social Survey (2002–8), comparing first- and second-generation immigrants from 66 countries of origin with natives in 21 residence countries. Multi-level regressions are employed to examine the relationship between confidence in institutions and proxy variables for the processes under study. The data strongly support the hypothesis that the high confidence of first-generation immigrants can be explained by frames of reference formed in the country of origin. Some, but limited, support is also found for the impact of discrimination.

Inflammatory bowel diseases among first-generation and second-generation immigrants in Denmark: a population-based cohort study

Gut ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. gutjnl-2020-321798
Author(s):  
Manasi Agrawal ◽  
Giulia Corn ◽  
Sarita Shrestha ◽  
Nete Munk Nielsen ◽  
Morten Frisch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Country Of Birth ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Log Linear

ObjectiveOur objective was to estimate the relative risk of IBD among first-generation and second-generation immigrants in Denmark compared with native Danes.DesignUsing national registries, we established a cohort of Danish residents between 1977 and 2018. Cohort members with known country of birth were followed for Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) diagnoses. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) served as measures of relative risk and were calculated by log-linear Poisson regression, using rates among native Danes as reference, stratified by IBD risk in parental country of birth, and among first-generation immigrants by age at immigration and duration of stay in Denmark.ResultsAmong 8.7 million Danes, 4156 first-generation and 898 second-generation immigrants were diagnosed with CD or UC. Overall, comparing first-generation immigrants with native Danes, the IRR was 0.80 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.84) for CD and 0.74 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.77) for UC. The IRR of IBD increased with ≥20 years stay in Denmark. The IRR of CD increased with immigration at ≥40 years of age. Comparing second-generation immigrants with native Danes, the IRR of IBD was 0.97 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.04). There was significant interaction with sex, with higher IRR of IBD in male than in female immigrants.ConclusionRelative to native Danish men and women, IBD risk among first-generation immigrants was lower, reflected the risk in their parental country of birth and increased with ≥20 years stay in Denmark. For second-generation immigrants, relative risk of IBD was lower only among women. These complex patterns suggest the role of environmental IBD risk factors.

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