Modern Human Physiology with Respect to Evolutionary Adaptations that Relate to Diet in the Past

2009 ◽  
pp. 43-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Staffan Lindeberg
Keyword(s):  
Human Physiology ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
The Past

scholarly journals Recent insights into nitrite signaling processes in blood

2017 ◽  
Vol 398 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine C. Helms ◽  
Xiaohua Liu ◽  
Daniel B. Kim-Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Human Physiology ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Nitrite Reduction ◽  
No Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Hypoxic Vasodilation

Abstract Nitrite was once thought to be inert in human physiology. However, research over the past few decades has established a link between nitrite and the production of nitric oxide (NO) that is potentiated under hypoxic and acidic conditions. Under this new role nitrite acts as a storage pool for bioavailable NO. The NO so produced is likely to play important roles in decreasing platelet activation, contributing to hypoxic vasodilation and minimizing blood-cell adhesion to endothelial cells. Researchers have proposed multiple mechanisms for nitrite reduction in the blood. However, NO production in blood must somehow overcome rapid scavenging by hemoglobin in order to be effective. Here we review the role of red blood cell hemoglobin in the reduction of nitrite and present recent research into mechanisms that may allow nitric oxide and other reactive nitrogen signaling species to escape the red blood cell.

scholarly journals Continuous vegetation record of the Greater Cape Floristic Region (South Africa) covering the past 300 thousand years (IODP U1479)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydie M. Dupont ◽  
Xueqin Zhao ◽  
Chistopher Charles ◽  
J. Tyler Faith ◽  
David Braun
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Vegetation History ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Cape Floristic Region ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Human Origins ◽  
Last Glaciation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Last Glacial

Abstract. The flora of the Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) of South Africa is a biodiversity hotspot of global significance, and its archaeological record has contributed substantially to the understanding of modern human origins. For both reasons, the climate and vegetation history of south-western South Africa is of interest to numerous fields. Currently known paleo-environmental records cover the Holocene, the last glacial-interglacial transition and parts of the last glaciation but do not encompass a full glacial-interglacial cycle. To obtain a continuous vegetation record of the last Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles, we studied pollen, spores and micro-charcoal of deep-sea sediments from IODP Site U1479 retrieved from SW of Cape Town. We compare our palynological results of the Pleistocene with previously published results of Pliocene material from the same site. We find that the vegetation of the GCFR, in particular Fynbos and Afrotemperate forest, respond to precessional forcing of climate. The micro-charcoal record confirms the importance of fires in the Fynbos vegetation. Ericaceae-rich and Asteraceae-rich types of Fynbos could extend on the western part of the Palaeo-Agulhas Plain (PAP), which emerged during periods of low sea-level of the Pleistocene.

scholarly journals Limits of long-term selection against Neandertal introgression

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 1639-1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Petr ◽  
Svante Pääbo ◽  
Janet Kelso ◽  
Benjamin Vernot
Keyword(s):  
Negative Selection ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range

Several studies have suggested that introgressed Neandertal DNA was subjected to negative selection in modern humans. A striking observation in support of this is an apparent monotonic decline in Neandertal ancestry observed in modern humans in Europe over the past 45,000 years. Here, we show that this decline is an artifact likely caused by gene flow between modern human populations, which is not taken into account by statistics previously used to estimate Neandertal ancestry. When we apply a statistic that avoids assumptions about modern human demography by taking advantage of two high-coverage Neandertal genomes, we find no evidence for a change in Neandertal ancestry in Europe over the past 45,000 years. We use whole-genome simulations of selection and introgression to investigate a wide range of model parameters and find that negative selection is not expected to cause a significant long-term decline in genome-wide Neandertal ancestry. Nevertheless, these models recapitulate previously observed signals of selection against Neandertal alleles, in particular the depletion of Neandertal ancestry in conserved genomic regions. Surprisingly, we find that this depletion is strongest in regulatory and conserved noncoding regions and in the most conserved portion of protein-coding sequences.

An incredible decade for the primary cilium: a look at a once-forgotten organelle

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (6) ◽  
pp. F1159-F1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Davenport ◽  
Bradley K. Yoder
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Murine Models ◽  
Bardet Biedl Syndrome ◽  
The Past ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Developmental Patterning ◽  
Human Disorders ◽  
Kidney Liver

Since the discovery that numerous proteins involved in mammalian disease localize to the basal bodies and cilia, these organelles have emerged from relative obscurity to the center of intense research efforts in an expanding number of disease- and developmental-related fields. Our understanding of the association between cilia and human disease has benefited substantially from the use of lower organisms such as Chlamydomonas and Caenorhabditis elegans and the availability of murine models and cell culture. These research endeavors led to the discovery that loss of normal ciliary function in mammals is responsible for cystic and noncystic pathology in the kidney, liver, brain, and pancreas, as well as severe developmental patterning abnormalities. In addition, the localization of proteins involved in rare human disorders such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome has suggested that cilia-related dysfunction may play a role in modern human epidemics such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. Although we have made great advances in demonstrating the importance of cilia over the past decade, the physiological role that this organelle plays in most tissues remains elusive. Research focused on addressing this issue will be of critical importance for a further understanding of how ciliary dysfunction can lead to such severe disease and developmental pathologies.

scholarly journals Dimorphism and integration in the pelves of anthropoid primates

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Elizabeth A. Moffett
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Morphological Integration ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Birth Canal ◽  
Pelvic Morphology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anthropoid Primates ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Pelvic Sexual Dimorphism

The link between obstetric demand (natural selection for birth) and pelvic morphology in anthropoids has remained ambiguous for the past century. Though it is assumed that the dramatic sexual dimorphism seen in modern human pelves is due to obstetric demand, this does not explain why other primates that give birth to relatively small neonates also exhibit pelvic dimorphism. This thesis explores the correlation between obstetric demand and dimorphism and morphological integration in anthropoid pelves. Dimorphism in birth canal and non-obstetric pelvic morphology is present across most primates regardless of obstetric demand, but those primates that give birth to relatively large babies have the most pelvic sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism in sacral breadth is likewise most apparent in species that give birth to large neonates relative to the maternal birth canal. In species that give birth to large neonates, females also have higher magnitudes of integration in birth canal morphology compared to males, but this is not true in species that give birth to small neonates. This study demonstrates a clear link between obstetric demand, pelvic dimorphism, and the magnitudes of pelvic integration in anthropoid primates.

scholarly journals Matchmaker, Matchmaker, Make Me a Match: Migration of Populations via Marriages in the Past

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Hoon Lee ◽  
Robyn Ffrancon ◽  
Daniel M. Abrams ◽  
Beom Jun Kim ◽  
Mason A. Porter
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Different Cultures

AbstractThe study of human mobility is both of fundamental importance and of great potential value. For example, it can be leveraged to facilitate efficient city planning and improve prevention strategies when faced with epidemics. The newfound wealth of rich sources of data—including banknote flows, mobile phone records, and transportation data—have led to an explosion of attempts to characterize modern human mobility. Unfortunately, the dearth of comparable historical data makes it much more difficult to study human mobility patterns from the past. In this paper, we present such an analysis: we demonstrate that the data record from Korean family books (called “jokbo”) can be used to estimate migration patterns via marriages from the past 750 years. We apply two generative models of long-term human mobility to quantify the relevance of geographical information to human marriage records in the data, and we find that the wide variety in the geographical distributions of the clans poses interesting challenges for the direct application of these models. Using the different geographical distributions of clans, we quantify the “ergodicity” of clans in terms of how widely and uniformly they have spread across Korea, and we compare these results to those obtained using surname data from the Czech Republic. To examine population flow in more detail, we also construct and examine a population-flow network between regions. Based on the correlation between ergodicity and migration patterns in Korea, we identify two different types of migration patterns: diffusive and convective. We expect the analysis of diffusive versus convective effects in population flows to be widely applicable to the study of mobility and migration patterns across different cultures.

scholarly journals In Memory of Herzen. On the Margins of the Magazine “Russkoye Bogatstvo”

Literary Fact ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 312-325
Author(s):  
Mikhail V. Stroganov
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Literary Heritage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Literary Biographies ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper examines the history of the phrase “in memory of Herzen”, which became the title of a number of journalistic and poetic works. The origin of this formula and the reasons for its transfer from the days of memory (anniversaries of death) to the birthdays of A.I. Herzen are found out. The study of this story allows determining the historical significance of the article by the founder of this tradition, A.G. Gornfeld, whose legacy has not yet received an adequate assessment in the literary history. In the course of the study, the author clarifies and refines the literary biographies of other authors who also used this formula: the practically unknown “populist” poet S. Ivanov-Raikov and the “social democratic” publicist N.N. Kuzmin. The reconstruction allows seeing the real role of the article “In Memory of Herzen” by V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin, the value of which in the 1940 –1970s was unlawfully exaggerated, as a result of which the historical perspective in the study of many literary phenomena and, first of all, the assessment of A.I. Herzen’s activities were distorted. All this leads to an adequate interpretation of N. Korzhavin's poem dedicated to the topic, which for many generations has been the ideological key to describing the place of A.I. Herzen in the social and literary movement of the 19th century. At the end of the paper, it is concluded that the historical, cultural and literary heritage acquires significance only in the context of modernity, but politics and journalism seek to unfold the legacy of the past in their specific pragmatic interests, and even history seeks to see a lesson in the past, although addressing it not to a particular group of people, but to the modernity as a whole. Literature does not have such pragmatic interests, but it attracts modern human with the charm of the personality of past centuries, and that’s what makes its irreplaceable significance.

scholarly journals Continuous vegetation record of the Greater Cape Floristic Region (South Africa) covering the past 300 000 years (IODP U1479)

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Lydie M. Dupont ◽  
Xueqin Zhao ◽  
Christopher Charles ◽  
John Tyler Faith ◽  
David Braun
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Vegetation History ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Cape Floristic Region ◽  
Human Origins ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Human Origins ◽  
Last Glaciation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Last Glacial

Abstract. The Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) of South Africa is a biodiversity hotspot of global significance, and its archeological record has substantially contributed to the understanding of modern human origins. For both reasons, the climate and vegetation history of southwestern South Africa is of interest to numerous fields. Currently known paleoenvironmental records cover the Holocene, the last glacial–interglacial transition and parts of the last glaciation but do not encompass a full glacial–interglacial cycle. To obtain a continuous vegetation record of the last Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycles, we studied pollen, spores and micro-charcoal of deep-sea sediments from IODP Site U1479 retrieved from SW of Cape Town. We compare our palynological results of the Pleistocene with previously published results of Pliocene material from the same site. We find that the vegetation of the GCFR, in particular fynbos and afrotemperate forest, responds to precessional forcing of climate. The micro-charcoal record confirms the importance of fires in the fynbos vegetation. Ericaceae-rich and Asteraceae-rich types of fynbos could extend on the western part of the Paleo-Agulhas Plain (PAP), which emerged during periods of low sea level of the Pleistocene.

scholarly journals Climatic windows for human migration out of Africa in the past 300,000 years

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Beyer ◽  
Mario Krapp ◽  
Anders Eriksson ◽  
Andrea Manica
Keyword(s):  
Modern Human ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Potential Contact ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Origin Of Modern Humans ◽  
Out Of Africa

AbstractWhilst an African origin of modern humans is well established, the timings and routes of their expansions into Eurasia are the subject of heated debate, due to the scarcity of fossils and the lack of suitably old ancient DNA. Here, we use high-resolution palaeoclimate reconstructions to estimate how difficult it would have been for humans in terms of rainfall availability to leave the African continent in the past 300k years. We then combine these results with an anthropologically and ecologically motivated estimate of the minimum level of rainfall required by hunter-gatherers to survive, allowing us to reconstruct when, and along which geographic paths, expansions out of Africa would have been climatically feasible. The estimated timings and routes of potential contact with Eurasia are compatible with archaeological and genetic evidence of human expansions out of Africa, highlighting the key role of palaeoclimate variability for modern human dispersals.

scholarly journals Факторы влияния чеховского текста на пьесы Александра Марданя „Антракт” и „Аншлаг” (отказ от власти прецедент¬ных текстов или возвращение к ним?)

2018 ◽  
pp. 237-234
Author(s):  
Maria Sibirnaya
Keyword(s):  
Mass Culture ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Cultural Inheritance ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Classical Drama ◽  
The Past ◽  
Literary Devices

This research is dedicated to the issue of the classical drama reception, which  is supposed to be canonical, used in the play of Odessian playwright Alexandr Mardan. The concept of modern times appears in Mardan’s plays through the literary and cultural inheritance of the past. The usage of Chekhov’s motives in both plays we deal with — Antract and Anshlag seems not only to resemble the form used in the mass culture, but also stylization and reinterpretation of the classic, which appear here as modern literary devices through which the interpretation of canonical drama occurs.  In both plays one can observe a lack of presentation of classical motives in a modern, revolutionary form, there is no retrieval to the precedent writings with the final idea  of elaborating on Chekhov thoughts. Furthermore, the classical motives are used for the reinterpretation of how theater may influence the modern human being and how endless the attempts to interpret the classic are.

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