Methods: Calculating the Energy Input. The Energy Invested (EI or Ein)

A diurnal (circadian) rhythm in body temperature is a widespread, and possibly universal, feature of endotherms. Some mammals and birds down-regulate their metabolic rate significantly by night, allowing their body temperature to drop sufficiently that they become inactive and enter torpor. Both the minimum temperature achieved and the duration of torpor are highly variable. Daily torpor is principally a response to reduced energy intake, and a drop in ambient temperature. Hibernation is essentially an extreme form of torpor. Small mammals hibernating at high latitudes have regular arousals during which they urinate and may feed. Bears hibernate with relatively high body temperature, and do not undergo arousal. Only one bird, the poorwill, is known to hibernate. Rewarming during arousal may be fuelled exclusively by metabolism (for example in small mammals in the Arctic) or with significant energy input from basking (for example in subtropical arid areas). The capacity for torpor appears to be an ancestral character in both mammals and birds, possibly related to the origin of endothermy in small species subject to marked diurnal and/or seasonal variation in body temperature. Both deep hibernation and strict endothermy are probably derived characteristics.

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Near electrode voltage drops in high current high pressure discharges with fast energy input

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/1787/1/012058 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1787 (1) ◽

pp. 012058

Author(s):

A A Bogomaz ◽

M E Pinchuk ◽

A V Budin ◽

A G Leks

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Energy Input ◽

High Current ◽

Voltage Drops ◽

Electrode Voltage

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Bacterial Spore-Based Hygromorphs: A Novel Active Material with Potential for Architectural Applications

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13074030 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 4030

Author(s):

Emily Birch ◽

Ben Bridgens ◽

Meng Zhang ◽

Martyn Dade-Robertson

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Architectural Design ◽

Energy Input ◽

Shape Change ◽

Active Material ◽

Meaningful Work ◽

Sensors And Actuators ◽

Active Materials ◽

Environmental Humidity ◽

New Material

This paper introduces a new active material which responds to changes in environmental humidity. There has been growing interest in active materials which are able to respond to their environment, creating dynamic architectural systems without the need for energy input or complex systems of sensors and actuators. A subset of these materials are hygromorphs, which respond to changes in relative humidity (RH) and wetting through shape change. Here, we introduce a novel hygromorphic material in the context of architectural design, composed of multiple monolayers of microbial spores of Bacillus subtilis and latex sheets. Methods of fabrication and testing for this new material are described, showing that small actuators made from this material demonstrate rapid, reversible and repeatable deflection in response to changes in RH. It is demonstrated that the hygromorphic actuators are able to lift at least 150% of their own mass. Investigations are also extended to understanding this new biomaterial in terms of meaningful work.

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Assessing Future Water Demand and Associated Energy Input with Plausible Scenarios for Water Service Providers (WSPs) in Sub-Saharan Africa

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14082169 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 2169

Author(s):

Pauline Macharia ◽

Nzula Kitaka ◽

Paul Yillia ◽

Norbert Kreuzinger

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Water Demand ◽

Energy Input ◽

Service Providers ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Water Losses ◽

Water Service ◽

Current State ◽

Per Capita ◽

Sub Saharan

This study examined the current state of water demand and associated energy input for water supply against a projected increase in water demand in sub-Saharan Africa. Three plausible scenarios, namely, Current State Extends (CSE), Current State Improves (CSI) and Current State Deteriorates (CSD) were developed and applied using nine quantifiable indicators for water demand projections and the associated impact on energy input for water supply for five Water Service Providers (WSPs) in Kenya to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach based on real data in sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, the daily per capita water-use in the service area of four of the five WSPs was below minimum daily requirement of 50 L/p/d. Further, non-revenue water losses were up to three times higher than the regulated benchmark (range 26–63%). Calculations showed a leakage reduction potential of up to 70% and energy savings of up to 12 MWh/a. The projected water demand is expected to increase by at least twelve times the current demand to achieve universal coverage and an average daily per capita consumption of 120 L/p/d for the urban population by 2030. Consequently, the energy input could increase almost twelve-folds with the CSI scenario or up to fifty-folds with the CSE scenario for WSPs where desalination or additional groundwater abstraction is proposed. The approach used can be applied for other WSPs which are experiencing a similar evolution of their water supply and demand drivers in sub-Saharan Africa. WSPs in the sub-region should explore aggressive strategies to jointly address persistent water losses and associated energy input. This would reduce the current water supply-demand gap and minimize the energy input that will be associated with exploring additional water sources that are typically energy intensive.

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Mechanism and bounding of earthquake energy input to building structure on surface ground subjected to engineering bedrock motion

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.12.010 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 70 ◽

pp. 93-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

K. Kojima ◽

K. Sakaguchi ◽

I. Takewaki

Keyword(s):

Energy Input ◽

Building Structure ◽

Earthquake Energy

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A study on the effect of energy input on spatter particles creation during selective laser melting process

Additive Manufacturing ◽

10.1016/j.addma.2017.12.009 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

pp. 33-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Mohsen Taheri Andani ◽

Reza Dehghani ◽

Mohammad Reza Karamooz-Ravari ◽

Reza Mirzaeifar ◽

Jun Ni

Keyword(s):

Selective Laser Melting ◽

Energy Input ◽

Melting Process ◽

Laser Melting ◽

Selective Laser Melting Process

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Bleaching of chlorophylls by UV irradiation in vitro: The effects on chlorophyll organization in acetone and n-hexane

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc0803271z ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 271-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jelena Zvezdanovic ◽

Dejan Markovic

Keyword(s):

Uv Irradiation ◽

Photosynthetic Pigments ◽

Energy Input ◽

First Order ◽

First Order Kinetics ◽

Uv Photons ◽

The Stability ◽

Major Factors

The stability of chlorophylls toward UV irradiation was studied by Vis spectrophotometry in extracts containing mixtures of photosynthetic pigments in acetone and n-hexane. The chlorophylls underwent destruction (bleaching) obeying first-order kinetics. The bleaching was governed by three major factors: the energy input of the UV photons, the concentration of the chlorophylls and the polarity of the solvent, implying different molecular organizations of the chlorophylls in the two solvents.

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