Saliency And Figure-Ground Effects

Abstract Flash floods induced by extreme rainfall events represent one of the most life-threatening phenomena in the Mediterranean. While their catastrophic ground effects are well documented by postevent surveys, the extreme rainfall events that generate them are still difficult to observe properly. Being able to collect observations of such events will help scientists to better understand and model these phenomena. The recent flash floods that hit the Liguria region (Italy) between the end of October and beginning of November 2011 give us the opportunity to use the measurements available from a large number of sensors, both ground based and spaceborne, to characterize these events. In this paper, the authors analyze the role of the key ingredients (e.g., unstable air masses, moist low-level jets, steep orography, and a slow-evolving synoptic pattern) for severe rainfall processes over complex orography. For the two Ligurian events, this role has been analyzed through the available observations (e.g., Meteosat Second Generation, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, the Italian Radar Network mosaic, and the Italian rain gauge network observations). The authors then address the possible role of sea–atmosphere interactions and propose a characterization of these events in terms of their predictability.

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Calculations of Inhomogeneous Ground Effects in Outdoor Sound Propagation Using the Boundary Element Method (BEM)

10.21236/ada430712 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Donald G. Albert

Keyword(s):

Boundary Element Method ◽

Boundary Element ◽

Sound Propagation ◽

Ground Effects ◽

Element Method

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Multi-dimensional leaf phenotypes reflect root system genotype in grafted grapevine over the growing season

GigaScience ◽

10.1093/gigascience/giab087 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zachary N Harris ◽

Mani Awale ◽

Niyati Bhakta ◽

Daniel H Chitwood ◽

Anne Fennell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Experimental System ◽

Growing Season ◽

Plant Biology ◽

Shoot System ◽

Distinct Individual ◽

Below Ground ◽

Ground Effects ◽

Horticultural Practice ◽

Broad Understanding

Abstract Background Modern biological approaches generate volumes of multi-dimensional data, offering unprecedented opportunities to address biological questions previously beyond reach owing to small or subtle effects. A fundamental question in plant biology is the extent to which below-ground activity in the root system influences above-ground phenotypes expressed in the shoot system. Grafting, an ancient horticultural practice that fuses the root system of one individual (the rootstock) with the shoot system of a second, genetically distinct individual (the scion), is a powerful experimental system to understand below-ground effects on above-ground phenotypes. Previous studies on grafted grapevines have detected rootstock influence on scion phenotypes including physiology and berry chemistry. However, the extent of the rootstock's influence on leaves, the photosynthetic engines of the vine, and how those effects change over the course of a growing season, are still largely unknown. Results Here, we investigate associations between rootstock genotype and shoot system phenotypes using 5 multi-dimensional leaf phenotyping modalities measured in a common grafted scion: ionomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, morphometrics, and physiology. Rootstock influence is ubiquitous but subtle across modalities, with the strongest signature of rootstock observed in the leaf ionome. Moreover, we find that the extent of rootstock influence on scion phenotypes and patterns of phenomic covariation are highly dynamic across the season. Conclusions These findings substantially expand previously identified patterns to demonstrate that rootstock influence on scion phenotypes is complex and dynamic and underscore that broad understanding necessitates volumes of multi-dimensional data previously unmet.

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The ground effects of the Skopje July 26, 1963 earthquake

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America ◽

10.1785/bssa0590010001 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 1-22

Author(s):

Apostol Poceski

Keyword(s):

Resonant Frequency ◽

Seismic Response ◽

Abrupt Change ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Soil Amplification ◽

Damage Distribution ◽

Predominant Period ◽

Clear Explanation ◽

Ground Effects

Abstract Damage distribution in Skopje can be explained in terms of the seismic response of surficial soils. There exists a generally good correlation between the distribution of damage, the thickness of the surficial soil layer, and the predominant periods of microtremors. The most heavily damaged region is covered with about 20 to 30 meters of alluvium, and the predominant period of this alluvium is about 0.36 seconds. The alluvium in this heavily damaged region probably was shaken near its resonant frequency, and soil amplification may have reached three. The greatest destruction was recorded along a belt which is defined by an abrupt change of the thickness of the alluvium. However, heavy destruction was also recorded on the shallow alluvium side, and no clear explanation exists for this.

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Analysis of a database of landslides triggered by the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-1597 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Giovanni Forte ◽

Melania De Falco ◽

Federica Iannicelli ◽

Antonio Santo

Keyword(s):

Central Italy ◽

Google Earth ◽

Mountain Range ◽

Seismic Sequence ◽

Large Area ◽

Geometrical Characterization ◽

Seismic Parameters ◽

Main Shocks ◽

Ground Effects ◽

Transportation Routes

The seismic sequence that struck Central Italy in 2016 was characterized by three main shocks respectively occurred on August 24th Mw 6.0; October 26th Mw5.9 and October 30th Mw 6.5. The seismic sequence caused several ground effects over a large area of &#8203;&#8203;the central Apennine mountain range, mainly affecting transportation routes.In the aftermath of the sequence, several research groups mapped around 820 landslides involving road cuts in rock and fill slopes over an area of about 2000 km2 (GEER,ISPRA, C.E.R.I. by Roma La Sapienza). These data are summarized in the CEDIT catalog by Martino et al., (2017), where almost 150, 250 and 420 instability phenomena were respectively triggered by each mainshock. Further updates were carried out by the Authors in the framework of the Reluis projects of the Department of Civil Protection. In particular, other 550 phenomena were mapped by interpretation of aero photos provided by google-earth. For some of the largest ones, field surveys were carried out for mechanical, structural, and geometrical characterization.The dataset distribution was analyzed with geological, geomorphological, and seismic parameters, such as lithology, fault distance, landslide run-out, estimates of mobilized volumes, distance from the epicenter, PGA, and damages.The triggered events are mainly characterized by Category I of Keefer (1984) classification, namely rockfalls and rockslides. The maximum triggering distance resulted as high as 50 km far from the epicenter. The most affected areas are characterized by ridge crests or flanks of valleys in carbonate rocks.This study permitted to highlight the most relevant parameters for the assessment of earthquake-triggered susceptibility for the study area and identify some meaningful and critical case studies for the future development of the research.&#160;

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Separated Flows Behind Bluff Bodies Including Ground Effects: Application of The Zonal Method

Bluff-Body Wakes, Dynamics and Instabilities ◽

10.1007/978-3-662-00414-2_65 ◽

1993 ◽

pp. 297-300

Author(s):

Heinz-D. Papenfuss ◽

Klaus Gersten

Keyword(s):

Separated Flows ◽

Bluff Bodies ◽

Zonal Method ◽

Ground Effects

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