Durable Resistance and Host-Pathogen-Environment Interaction

1983 ◽  
pp. 125-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Zadoks ◽  
J. A. G. van Leur
Keyword(s):  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Host Pathogen

Resistance to Pseudomonas solanacearum in the potato: II. Aspects of host-pathogen-environment interaction

Euphytica ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pham X. Tung ◽  
Eufemio T. Rasco ◽  
Peter Vander Zaag ◽  
Peter Schmiediche
Keyword(s):  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Pseudomonas Solanacearum ◽  
Host Pathogen

scholarly journals Drosophila melanogaster infected with Wolbachia strain wMelCS prefer cooler temperatures

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter A. Arnold ◽  
Samantha C. Levin ◽  
Aleksej L. Stevanovic ◽  
Karyn N. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
List Type ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Arthropod Species ◽  
Endosymbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Variable Environments ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Temperature Preferences ◽  
Host Behaviour

AbstractTemperature plays a fundamental role in the dynamics of host-pathogen interactions.Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacteria that infects about 40% of arthropod species, which can affect host behaviour and reproduction. Yet, the effect of Wolbachia on host thermoregulatory behaviour is largely unknown, despite its use in disease vector control programs in thermally variable environments.Here, we used a thermal gradient to test whether Drosophila melanogaster infected with Wolbachia strain wMelCS exhibit different temperature preferences (Tp) to uninfected flies.We found that Wolbachia-infected flies preferred a cooler mean temperature (Tp = 25.06±0.25°C) than uninfected flies (Tp = 25.78±0.24°C).This finding suggests that Wolbachia-infected hosts might seek out cooler microclimates to reduce exposure to and lessen the consequences of high temperatures. This finding has generated hypotheses that will be fruitful in areas of research for exploring the mechanisms by which the change in Tp occurs in this complex and significant host-pathogen-environment interaction.

scholarly journals Complexities underlying the breeding and deployment of Dutch elm disease resistant elms

New Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan A. Martín ◽  
Jorge Domínguez ◽  
Alejandro Solla ◽  
Clive M. Brasier ◽  
Joan F. Webber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Breeding Programmes

AbstractDutch elm disease (DED) is a vascular wilt disease caused by the pathogens Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi with multiple ecological phases including pathogenic (xylem), saprotrophic (bark) and vector (beetle flight and beetle feeding wound) phases. Due to the two DED pandemics during the twentieth century the use of elms in landscape and forest restoration has declined significantly. However new initiatives for elm breeding and restoration are now underway in Europe and North America. Here we discuss complexities in the DED ‘system’ that can lead to unintended consequences during elm breeding and some of the wider options for obtaining durability or ‘field resistance’ in released material, including (1) the phenotypic plasticity of disease levels in resistant cultivars infected by O. novo-ulmi; (2) shortcomings in test methods when selecting for resistance; (3) the implications of rapid evolutionary changes in current O. novo-ulmi populations for the choice of pathogen inoculum when screening; (4) the possibility of using active resistance to the pathogen in the beetle feeding wound, and low attractiveness of elm cultivars to feeding beetles, in addition to resistance in the xylem; (5) the risk that genes from susceptible and exotic elms be introgressed into resistant cultivars; (6) risks posed by unintentional changes in the host microbiome; and (7) the biosecurity risks posed by resistant elm deployment. In addition, attention needs to be paid to the disease pressures within which resistant elms will be released. In the future, biotechnology may further enhance our understanding of the various resistance processes in elms and our potential to deploy trees with highly durable resistance in elm restoration. Hopefully the different elm resistance processes will prove to be largely under durable, additive, multigenic control. Elm breeding programmes cannot afford to get into the host–pathogen arms races that characterise some agricultural host–pathogen systems.

Genetics of Host-Pathogen Interaction and Breeding for Durable Resistance

2004 ◽  
pp. 145-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi P. Singh ◽  
S. Rajaram ◽  
R. G. Saini ◽  
J. Huerta-Espino ◽  
M. William
Keyword(s):  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Host Pathogen

Relationship between drought and preharvest aflatoxin contamination in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.R. Jeyaramraja ◽  
S. Nithya Meenakshi ◽  
F. Woldesenbet
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Host Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Groundnut is a commercial oilseed crop that is prone to infection by Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus. Drought impairs the defence mechanism of the plant and favours the production of aflatoxin by the fungus. Aflatoxin is a carcinogen and its presence in food and feed causes significant economic loss. The answer to the question, ‘how drought tolerance and aflatoxin resistance are related?’ is not clear. In this review paper, the relationship of drought and preharvest aflatoxin contamination (AC), the relationship of drought tolerance traits and AC, and the approaches to enhance resistance to AC are discussed using up-to-date literature. Factors leading to AC are drought, high geocarposphere temperature, kernel/pod damage, and reduced phytoalexin synthesis by the plant. If the fungus colonises a kernel with reduced water activity, the plant cannot synthesise phytoalexin and then, the fungus synthesises aflatoxin. Breeding for resistance to AC is complicated because aflatoxin concentration is costly to measure, highly variable, and influenced by the environment. Since drought tolerant cultivars have resistance to AC, traits of drought tolerance have been used as indirect selection tools for reduced AC. The genetics of aflatoxin resistance mechanisms have not been made clear as the environment influences the host-pathogen relationship. Host-pathogen interactions under the influence of environment should be studied at molecular level to identify plant resistant factors using the tools of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in order to develop cultivars with durable resistance. Many candidate genes involved in host-pathogen interactions have been identified due to improvements in fungal expressed sequence tags, microarrays, and genome sequencing techniques. Moreover, research projects are underway on identifying genes coding for antifungal compounds, resistance associated proteins and quantitative trait loci associated with aflatoxin resistance. This review is expected to help those who wish to work on reducing AC in groundnuts.

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