Relationship between drought and preharvest aflatoxin contamination in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.R. Jeyaramraja ◽  
S. Nithya Meenakshi ◽  
F. Woldesenbet
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Host Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Groundnut is a commercial oilseed crop that is prone to infection by Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus. Drought impairs the defence mechanism of the plant and favours the production of aflatoxin by the fungus. Aflatoxin is a carcinogen and its presence in food and feed causes significant economic loss. The answer to the question, ‘how drought tolerance and aflatoxin resistance are related?’ is not clear. In this review paper, the relationship of drought and preharvest aflatoxin contamination (AC), the relationship of drought tolerance traits and AC, and the approaches to enhance resistance to AC are discussed using up-to-date literature. Factors leading to AC are drought, high geocarposphere temperature, kernel/pod damage, and reduced phytoalexin synthesis by the plant. If the fungus colonises a kernel with reduced water activity, the plant cannot synthesise phytoalexin and then, the fungus synthesises aflatoxin. Breeding for resistance to AC is complicated because aflatoxin concentration is costly to measure, highly variable, and influenced by the environment. Since drought tolerant cultivars have resistance to AC, traits of drought tolerance have been used as indirect selection tools for reduced AC. The genetics of aflatoxin resistance mechanisms have not been made clear as the environment influences the host-pathogen relationship. Host-pathogen interactions under the influence of environment should be studied at molecular level to identify plant resistant factors using the tools of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in order to develop cultivars with durable resistance. Many candidate genes involved in host-pathogen interactions have been identified due to improvements in fungal expressed sequence tags, microarrays, and genome sequencing techniques. Moreover, research projects are underway on identifying genes coding for antifungal compounds, resistance associated proteins and quantitative trait loci associated with aflatoxin resistance. This review is expected to help those who wish to work on reducing AC in groundnuts.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Gin Date to Aflatoxin Contamination of Cottonseed in Arizona

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Bock ◽  
P. J. Cotty
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Aflatoxin Content ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Field Variability ◽  
Early Harvest

During 1995 and 1996, a commercial gin in western Arizona ginned seed cotton on a field-by-field basis. Seed from each field was kept separate until sampled and analyzed for aflatoxin content according to Arizona Commercial Feed Law. This gave a comprehensive view of field-to-field variability in aflatoxin content as the season progressed. Regression analysis indicated significant relationships between gin date and aflatoxin content in both years: aflatoxin increased with later ginnning. Overall, 89 and 79% of seed lots exceeded 20 ppb in 1995 and 1996, respectively. No field ginned after Julian Day (JD) 273 in 1995 or after JD 267 in 1996 had an aflatoxin content <20 ppb. Means separation confirmed later ginned crops had significantly greater aflatoxin content (P = 0.05). In 1996, transgenic Bt and non-Bt cottonseed were similarly contaminated. Mean aflatoxin content of Bt cottonseed in 1996 was 413 ppb and that of non-Bt cottonseed was 598 ppb. These observations suggest that, in Arizona, losses from aflatoxin contamination of cottonseed can be reduced by early harvest.

The Phakopsora pachyrhizi-Kennedia rubicunda host-pathogen association and its relation to leaf rust of Glycine spp

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Burdon ◽  
JM Lenne
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽  
Commercial Cultivar ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Considerable Range

The relationship of isolates of Phakopsora pachyrhizi found on the coastal legume Kennedia rubicunda to isolates found on Glycine spp. was determined by assessing the virulence of ten Kennedia-derived isolates on a wild line of Glycine canescens and on a commercial cultivar of G. max. These two lines are both known to be susceptible to all Glycine-derived isolates of the pathogen. Three patterns of pathogenicity were detected among the Kennedia-derived isolates with isolates being either avirulent or virulent on both host lines; or being avirulent on G. canescens and virulent on G. max.The pathogenicity of five of these Kennedia isolates of P. pachyrhizi was also tested on ten populations of K. rubicunda. The mean levels of resistance and virulence of the host populations and pathogen isolates respectively showed a considerable range. Significant interactions were detected between particular host population-pathogen isolate combinations. These results were compared with those obtained with two representative isolates of P. pachyrhizi collected on Glycine hosts.

Study on Relationship of Miners′ Psychological Characteristic and Safety Degree

2010 ◽  
Vol 171-172 ◽  
pp. 295-298
Author(s):  
Xiao Li Liu ◽  
Zhi Ye Zhang
Keyword(s):  
International Society ◽  
Coal Mine ◽  
Human Heart ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Psychological Characteristic ◽  
Unsafe Behaviors ◽  
Mine Accident ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The high rate of coal mine accident gives our country enormous economic loss, gives human heart heavy striking, and gives our country bad impression in international society. According to accident-causing theory, human unsafe behaviors and unsafe conditions of thing are the main reason of accident. The paper analyzes the relationship of miners′ psychological characteristic and safety degree, quantifies miners′ safety degree and brings forward measures to improve miners′ safety degree.

scholarly journals High frequency of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in patients with diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 885-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Alsultan ◽  
B. A. Evans ◽  
E. A. Elsayed ◽  
S. I. Al-Thawadi ◽  
A. Y. Al-Taher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is becoming increasingly prevalent in patients with diabetes mellitus in the Middle East. We examined the relationship of these bacteria and their resistance mechanisms to the diabetic disease status of patients in Saudi Arabia. Susceptibilities of 271 isolates to carbapenems, tigecycline and colistin were determined, followed by detection of carbapenemase genes. A bla VIM gene was detected in ~95 % of isolates; bla OXA-23 and bla OXA-40 genes were also prevalent. Diabetic patients were significantly more likely to carry carbapenem-resistant isolates. Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii is a serious problem in diabetic patients, and molecular detection of resistance mechanisms in these isolates is required.

scholarly journals Fine-tuning of SUMOylation modulates drought tolerance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingmei Guan ◽  
Xuewei Li ◽  
Shuang-Xi Zhou ◽  
Liyuan Lu ◽  
Huan Dang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Tight Control ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

SUMOylation is involved in various aspects of plant biology, including drought stress. However, the relationship between SUMOylation and drought stress tolerance is complex; whether SUMOylation has a crosstalk with ubiquitination in response to drought stress remains largely unclear. In this study, we found that both increased and decreased SUMOylation led to increased survival of apple (Malus × domestica) under drought stress: both transgenic MdSUMO2A overexpressing (OE) plants and MdSUMO2 RNAi plants exhibited enhanced drought tolerance. We further confirmed that MdDREB2A is one of the MdSUMO2 targets. Both transgenic MdDREB2A OE and MdDREB2AK192R OE plants (which lacked the key site of SUMOylation by MdSUMO2A) were more drought tolerant than wild-type plants. However, MdDREB2AK192R OE plants had a much higher survival rate than MdDREB2A OE plants. We further showed SUMOylated MdDREB2A was conjugated with ubiquitin by MdRNF4 under drought stress, thereby triggering its protein degradation. In addition, MdRNF4 RNAi plants were more tolerant to drought stress. These results revealed the molecular mechanisms that underlie the relationship of SUMOylation with drought tolerance and provided evidence for the tight control of MdDREB2A accumulation under drought stress mediated by SUMOylation and ubiquitination.

Conflict and cooperation in tick-host-pathogen interactions contribute to increased tick fitness and survival.

2021 ◽  
pp. 232-239
Author(s):  
José de la Fuente ◽  
Margarita Villar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Host Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Conflict And Cooperation ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This expert opinion discusses the mechanisms of tick-host-pathogen interactions and how these mediate the adaptation of tick species to climate change and hosts while guaranteeing completion of tick and pathogen life cycles as well as their impact on the prevalence of ticks and tick-borne diseases under climatic change events. A spotlight is given on the impact of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection on tick and human cells as well as the relationship between conflict and cooperation of tick-host-pathogen interactions and climate change.

scholarly journals MicroRNA Interference in Hepatic Host-Pathogen Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3554
Author(s):  
Asahiro Morishita ◽  
Kyoko Oura ◽  
Tomoko Tadokoro ◽  
Koji Fujita ◽  
Joji Tani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Host Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Immunological Interactions ◽  
Immunological Reactions ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Relationship

The liver is well recognized as a non-immunological visceral organ that is involved in various metabolic activities, nutrient storage, and detoxification. Recently, many studies have demonstrated that resident immune cells in the liver drive various immunological reactions by means of several molecular modulators. Understanding the mechanistic details of interactions between hepatic host immune cells, including Kupffer cells and lymphocytes, and various hepatic pathogens, especially viruses, bacteria, and parasites, is necessary. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), over 2600 of which have been discovered, are small, endogenous, interfering, noncoding RNAs that are predicted to regulate more than 15,000 genes by degrading specific messenger RNAs. Several recent studies have demonstrated that some miRNAs are associated with the immune response to pathogens in the liver. However, the details of the underlying mechanisms of miRNA interference in hepatic host–pathogen interactions still remain elusive. In this review, we summarize the relationship between the immunological interactions of various pathogens and hepatic resident immune cells, as well as the role of miRNAs in the maintenance of liver immunity against pathogens.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

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