Safety of Trypsin Inhibitors in the Diet: Effects on the Rat Pancreas of Long-Term Feeding of Soy Flour and Soy Protein Isolate

1986 ◽  
pp. 33-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Gumbmann ◽  
William L. Spangler ◽  
Glenda M. Dugan ◽  
Joseph J. Rackis
Keyword(s):  
Soy Protein ◽  
Soy Protein Isolate ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitors ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
Rat Pancreas

scholarly journals Effects of Short and Long-Term Soy Protein Isolate Intake on Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Expression in Obese Zucker Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1225-1225
Author(s):  
Melisa Kozaczek ◽  
Walter Bottje ◽  
Reza Hakkak
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Soy Protein Isolate ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Obese Zucker Rats

Abstract Objectives To determine the effects feeding for 8 (short-term) and 16 weeks (long-term) soy protein isolate on hepatic CYP gene expression. Methods 7-weeks old rats were randomly assigned to either a casein (CAS) or a soy protein isolate (SPI) diet. They were provided the diets ad libitum for 8 and 16 weeks. Rats were euthanized and livers were stored at − 80°C. RNA was extracted from liver samples, and sequenced to obtain transcriptomic data (RNAseq). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (IPA, Qiagen, CA) was used in the analysis of global gene expression data. This analysis includes predictions of activation or inhibition of molecules or upstream regulators and functions based on a generated z-score and p-value of overlap (P = 0.05). Z-scores were consider significant when > 2 (activation) and < −2 (inhibition). Results Comparing short- vs long-term feeding revealed an increase in the number of down-regulated CYP genes from only 3 at 8 weeks of SPI diet to 10 at 16 weeks of same diet (P < 0.05). In contrast, upregulated CYP gene numbers showed a small increase in long-term SPI diet compared to short-term, from 14 genes at 8 weeks to 17 genes at 16 weeks (P < 0.05). In addition, we present a predicted activation of the transcription factor Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR, activation z-score = 2.146, P = 4.20E-11), linked to the subsequent activation or up-regulation of various CYPs genes, indirectly leading to the activation and inhibition of two main metabolic functions under SPI feeding: conversion of lipid (lipid metabolism) –predicted to be activated (z-score = 2.089, P = 2.77E-08), and recruitment of phagocytes (inflammatory response) –predicted to be inhibited (z-score = −2.311, P = 2.10E-05). Conclusions Through global gene expression analysis we showed that gene expression of drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 genes was modified in genetically obese Zucker rats after being fed a soy-based diet for short- and long-term, and that this change could have an important role in attenuation of liver steatosis. Further research is needed to corroborate these results. Funding Sources This study was supported in part by the College of Medicine's University Medical Group (RH) and the Arkansas Biosciences Institute (WB, RH).

scholarly journals Long-Term Soy Protein Isolate Consumption Reduces Liver Steatosis Through Changes in Global Transcriptomics in Obese Zucker Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melisa Kozaczek ◽  
Walter Bottje ◽  
Byungwhi Kong ◽  
Sami Dridi ◽  
Diyana Albataineh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
Soy Protein Isolate ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Obese Zucker Rats ◽  
Upstream Regulators

To determine how soy protein isolate (SPI) ameliorated liver steatosis in male obese Zucker rats, we conducted global transcriptomic expression (RNAseq) analysis on liver samples of male rats fed either the SPI or a control casein (CAS)-based diet (n = 8 per group) for 16 weeks. Liver transcriptomics were analyzed using an Ilumina HiSeq system with 2 × 100 base pair paired-end reads method. Bioinformatics was conducted using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software (Qiagen, CA) with P < 0.05 and 1.3-fold differential expression cutoff values. Regression analysis between RNAseq data and targeted mRNA expression analysis of 12 top differentially expressed genes (from the IPA program) using quantitative PCR (qPCR) revealed a significant regression analysis (r2 = 0.69, P = 0.0008). In addition, all qPCR values had qualitatively similar direction of up- or down-regulation compared to the RNAseq transcriptomic data. Diseases and function analyses that were based on differentially expressed target molecules in the dataset predicted that lipid metabolism would be enhanced whereas inflammation was predicted to be inhibited in SPI-fed compared to CAS-fed rats at 16 weeks. Combining upstream regulator and regulator effects functions in IPA facilitates the prediction of upstream regulators (e.g., transcription regulators) that could play important roles in attenuating or promoting liver steatosis due to SPI or CAS diets. Upstream regulators that were predicted to be activated (from expression of down-stream targets) linked to increased conversion of lipid and transport of lipid in SPI-fed rats included hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Upstream regulators that were predicted to be activated in CAS-fed rats linked to activation of phagocytosis and neutrophil chemotaxis included colony stimulating factor 2 and tumor necrosis factor. The results provide clear indication that long-term SPI-fed rats exhibited diminished inflammatory response and increased lipid transport in liver compared to CAS-fed rats that likely would contribute to reduced liver steatosis in this obese Zucker rat model.

scholarly journals Reactions of Soy Flour and Soy Protein by Non-Volatile Aldehydes Generation by Specific Oxidation

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Frihart ◽  
Antonio Pizzi ◽  
Xuedong Xi ◽  
Linda F. Lorenz
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Soy Protein Isolate ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Volatile Aldehydes ◽  
Aldehyde Groups ◽  
Specific Oxidation

Soy protein isolate (SPI) and insoluble soy flour polymeric carbohydrates have been reacted with sodium periodate for the specific oxidation of vicinal –OH groups to investigate the reactions involved in this approach to soy flour adhesives. The reactions have been shown to generate carbohydrate oligomer fractions presenting one, two or multiple aldehyde groups. With the exception of the small molecular weight heptanedial, the smaller molecular weight aldehydes generated from mono- and disaccharides by the same reaction do not appear to form from the insoluble soy flour carbohydrates, or have already reacted. The reaction of periodate with soy protein isolate has been shown to generate some aldehydes too. When the mix of SPI and soy insoluble carbohydrates is treated with periodate, the majority of the observed aldehyde carrying species appear to be higher molecular weight carbohydrate oligomer fractions.

The USDA trypsin inhibitor study. IV. The chronic effects of soy flour and soy protein isolate on the pancreas in rats after two years

1985 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Gumbmann ◽  
W. L. Spangler ◽  
G. M. Dugan ◽  
J. J. Rackis ◽  
I. E. Liener
Keyword(s):  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Soy Protein Isolate ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Inhibitor Study
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