Local and Systemic Plant Defensive Responses to Infection

1997 ◽  
pp. 27-57
Author(s):  
R. Hammerschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Defensive Responses

scholarly journals Hypothalamic perifornical Urocortin-3 neurons modulate defensive responses to a potential threat stimulus

iScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 101908
Author(s):  
Noriko Horii-Hayashi ◽  
Kensaku Nomoto ◽  
Nozomi Endo ◽  
Akihiro Yamanaka ◽  
Takefumi Kikusui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Threat ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Urocortin 3 ◽  
Threat Stimulus

scholarly journals Sight of parasitoid wasps accelerates sexual behavior and upregulates a micropeptide gene in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimaa A. M. Ebrahim ◽  
Gaëlle J. S. Talross ◽  
John R. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Mutational Analysis ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Vast Range

AbstractParasitoid wasps inflict widespread death upon the insect world. Hundreds of thousands of parasitoid wasp species kill a vast range of insect species. Insects have evolved defensive responses to the threat of wasps, some cellular and some behavioral. Here we find an unexpected response of adult Drosophila to the presence of certain parasitoid wasps: accelerated mating behavior. Flies exposed to certain wasp species begin mating more quickly. The effect is mediated via changes in the behavior of the female fly and depends on visual perception. The sight of wasps induces the dramatic upregulation in the fly nervous system of a gene that encodes a 41-amino acid micropeptide. Mutational analysis reveals that the gene is essential to the behavioral response of the fly. Our work provides a foundation for further exploration of how the activation of visual circuits by the sight of a wasp alters both sexual behavior and gene expression.

scholarly journals Decreased defensive reactivity to interoceptive threat after successful exposure-based psychotherapy in patients with panic disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Benke ◽  
Manuela G. Alius ◽  
Alfons O. Hamm ◽  
Christiane A. Pané-Farré
Keyword(s):  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Symptom Improvement ◽  
Defensive Response ◽  
Wait List ◽  
Eyeblink Response ◽  
Waiting Period ◽  
Startle Eyeblink ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Clinically Significant

AbstractPanic disorder (PD) is characterized by a dysfunctional defensive responding to panic-related body symptoms that is assumed to contribute to the persistence of panic symptomatology. The present study aimed at examining whether this dysfunctional defensive reactivity to panic-related body symptoms would no longer be present following successful cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) but would persist when patients show insufficient symptom improvement. Therefore, in the present study, effects of CBT on reported symptoms and defensive response mobilization during interoceptive challenge were investigated using hyperventilation as a respiratory symptom provocation procedure. Changes in defensive mobilization to body symptoms in the course of CBT were investigated in patients with a primary diagnosis of PD with or without agoraphobia by applying a highly standardized hyperventilation task prior to and after a manual-based CBT (n = 38) or a waiting period (wait-list controls: n = 20). Defensive activation was indexed by the potentiation of the amygdala-dependent startle eyeblink response. All patients showed a pronounced defensive response mobilization to body symptoms at baseline. After treatment, no startle reflex potentiation was found in those patients who showed a clinically significant improvement. However, wait-list controls and treatment non-responders continued to show increased defensive responses to actually innocuous body symptoms after the treatment/waiting period. The present results indicate that the elimination of defensive reactivity to actually innocuous body symptoms might be a neurobiological correlate and indicator of successful CBT in patients with PD, which may help to monitor and optimize CBT outcomes.

Conditioned Orienting and Defensive Responses

1975 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Hare ◽  
George Blevings
Keyword(s):  
Defensive Responses

Biological traits of the predatory mirid Macrolophus praeclarus, a candidate biocontrol agent for the Neotropical region

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Meritxell Pérez-Hedo ◽  
Carolina Gallego ◽  
Amy Roda ◽  
Barry Kostyk ◽  
Mónica Triana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Predatory Mirid

Abstract The predatory mirid Macrolophus praeclarus is widely distributed throughout the Americas, and is reported to prey upon several horticultural pest species. However, little is known about its biology, thermal requirements, crop odour preferences, phytophagy, and capability to induce defensive responses in plants. When five temperatures studied (20, 25, 30, 33 and 35°C) were tested and Ephestia kuehniella was used as prey, the developmental time from egg to adult on tomato, was longest at 20°C (56.3 d) and shortest at 33°C (22.7 d). The ability of nymphs to develop to adults decreased as the temperature increased, with the highest number of nymphs reaching the adult stage at 20°C (78.0%) and lowest at 35°C (0%). The lower and upper developmental thresholds were estimated at 11.2° and 35.3°C, respectively. The maximum developmental rate occurred at 31.7°C and the thermal constant was 454.0 ± 8.1 degree days. The highest predation rate of E. kuehniella eggs was obtained at 30°C. In Y-tube olfactory choice tests, M. praeclarus selected tomato, sweet pepper and eggplant odours more frequently than no plant control treatment. Macrolophus praeclarus feeding did not damage tomato plants compared to another zoophytophagous mirid, Nesidiocoris tenuis, which caused necrotic rings. The phytophagy of M. praeclarus induced defensive responses in tomato plants through the upregulation of the jasmonic acid metabolic pathway. The implications of the findings for using M. praeclarus in tomato biological control programmes in the Americas are discussed.

Differentiating Orienting and Defensive Responses to Concealed Information: The Role of Verbalization

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Verschuere ◽  
Geert Crombez ◽  
Lieselot Smolders ◽  
Armand De Clercq
Keyword(s):  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Concealed Information

Induction of Defensive Responses in <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> (Labill) Plants, against <i>Ctenarytaina eucalypti</i> (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 03 (05) ◽  
pp. 589-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Troncoso ◽  
Jose Becerra ◽  
Claudia Perez ◽  
Victor Hernandez ◽  
Aurelio San Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Defensive Responses
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