Fiber assemblies, in the form of woven, braided, nonwoven or knitted structures, are used as reinforcements in composites. These textile structures are subjected to in-plane membrane stresses such as tensile and shear, and out-of-plane stresses such as bending and transverse compression. Amongst various modes of deformation, transverse compaction behaviour is the least understood mode; however this mode is very important for composites processing using vacuum forming, resin transfer moulding, thermoforming and hot compaction methods. The present paper reports a computational approach to predicting the load-deformation behaviour of textile structures under compressive loading. During the compression of a random fiber assembly, fibers are subjected to kinematic displacements, bending and finally transverse compression of individual fibres. In the case of interlaced architectures, such as woven and braided structures, it is convenient to deal with deformations at meso-scale involving yarns or tows, and deal with inter-fiber friction and fibre compression at yarn/tow level. It can be seen from the load deformation graphs that the initial part is dominated by bending energy and the final part by compression energy. A combined yarn bending and compression model was in good agreement with the experimental curve during the entire load-deformation cycle. On the other hand, an elastica-based bending model predicts well during the initial part while tow compression model predicts well during the final part. Inter-fiber friction was initially ignored — this is being introduced in the refined model for both the dry and wet states.
Creep consolidation in land subsidence modelling; integrating geotechnical and hydrological approaches in a new MODFLOW package (SUB-CR)
