HMI Design for Autonomous Cars: Investigating on Driver’s Attention Distribution

The verification of control system software is critical to a host of technologies and industries, from aeronautics and medical technology to the cars we drive. The failure of controller software can cost people their lives. This book provides control engineers and computer scientists with an introduction to the formal techniques for analyzing and verifying this important class of software. Too often, control engineers are unaware of the issues surrounding the verification of software, while computer scientists tend to be unfamiliar with the specificities of controller software. The book provides a unified approach that is geared to graduate students in both fields, covering formal verification methods as well as the design and verification of controllers. It presents a wealth of new verification techniques for performing exhaustive analysis of controller software. These include new means to compute nonlinear invariants, the use of convex optimization tools, and methods for dealing with numerical imprecisions such as floating point computations occurring in the analyzed software. As the autonomy of critical systems continues to increase—as evidenced by autonomous cars, drones, and satellites and landers—the numerical functions in these systems are growing ever more advanced. The techniques presented here are essential to support the formal analysis of the controller software being used in these new and emerging technologies.

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Autonomy and Responsibility in Hybrid Systems

10.1093/oso/9780190652951.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wulf Loh ◽

Janina Loh

Keyword(s):

Hybrid Systems ◽

Hybrid System ◽

Moral Dilemma ◽

Autonomous Driving ◽

Shared Responsibility ◽

Driving System ◽

Autonomous Cars ◽

Self Driving Cars ◽

Trolley Cases ◽

Autonomous Driving System

In this chapter, we give a brief overview of the traditional notion of responsibility and introduce a concept of distributed responsibility within a responsibility network of engineers, driver, and autonomous driving system. In order to evaluate this concept, we explore the notion of man–machine hybrid systems with regard to self-driving cars and conclude that the unit comprising the car and the operator/driver consists of such a hybrid system that can assume a shared responsibility different from the responsibility of other actors in the responsibility network. Discussing certain moral dilemma situations that are structured much like trolley cases, we deduce that as long as there is something like a driver in autonomous cars as part of the hybrid system, she will have to bear the responsibility for making the morally relevant decisions that are not covered by traffic rules.

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Model-based Evaluations Combining Autonomous Cars and a Large-scale Passenger Drone Service: The Bavarian Case Study

2020 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) ◽

10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294183 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Christoph Maget ◽

Sebastian Gutmann ◽

Klaus Bogenberger

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Model Based ◽

Autonomous Cars

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Software Verification and Validation of Safe Autonomous Cars: A Systematic Literature Review

IEEE Access ◽

10.1109/access.2020.3048047 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 4797-4819

Author(s):

Nijat Rajabli ◽

Francesco Flammini ◽

Roberto Nardone ◽

Valeria Vittorini

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Systematic Literature Review ◽

Software Verification ◽

Verification And Validation ◽

Autonomous Cars ◽

Software Verification And Validation

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Modules and Techniques for Motion Planning: An Industrial Perspective

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21020420 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 420

Author(s):

Stefano Quer ◽

Luz Garcia

Keyword(s):

Data Fusion ◽

Autonomous Driving ◽

Random Trees ◽

Approximation Techniques ◽

Main Research ◽

Autonomous Cars ◽

Critical Issues ◽

Relative Errors ◽

Path Planner ◽

Many Core

Research on autonomous cars has become one of the main research paths in the automotive industry, with many critical issues that remain to be explored while considering the overall methodology and its practical applicability. In this paper, we present an industrial experience in which we build a complete autonomous driving system, from the sensor units to the car control equipment, and we describe its adoption and testing phase on the field. We report how we organize data fusion and map manipulation to represent the required reality. We focus on the communication and synchronization issues between the data-fusion device and the path-planner, between the CPU and the GPU units, and among different CUDA kernels implementing the core local planner module. In these frameworks, we propose simple representation strategies and approximation techniques which guarantee almost no penalty in terms of accuracy and large savings in terms of memory occupation and memory transfer times. We show how we adopt a recent implementation on parallel many-core devices, such as CUDA-based GPGPU, to reduce the computational burden of rapidly exploring random trees to explore the state space along with a given reference path. We report on our use of the controller and the vehicle simulator. We run experiments on several real scenarios, and we report the paths generated with the different settings, with their relative errors and computation times. We prove that our approach can generate reasonable paths on a multitude of standard maneuvers in real time.

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Biaxial 360-degree scanning LIDAR using a liquid crystal control

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-94208-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Seiji Nishiwaki

Keyword(s):

Liquid Crystal ◽

Laser Light ◽

Side Surface ◽

Parallel Beam ◽

Grating Couplers ◽

Autonomous Cars ◽

Scanning Lidar ◽

Center Axis ◽

Circular Grating ◽

Segmented Electrode

AbstractSophisticated non-mechanical technology for LIDARs is needed to realize safe autonomous cars. We have confirmed the operating principle of a non-mechanical LIDAR by combining concentric circular-grating couplers (CGCs) with a coaxially aligned rod lens. Laser light incident vertically on the center of the inner CGC along the center axis of the lens is radiated from the outer CGC and passes through the side surface of the lens. It is converted to a parallel beam that scans in two axes by applying voltages to two area-segmented electrode layers sandwiching the CGCs and a liquid crystal layer formed on the CGCs. We have demonstrated scanning whose motion ranges were 360 degrees horizontally and 10° vertically. A beam with a spread angle of 0.3° × 0.8° at a minimum swept vertically up to a frequency of 100 Hz and ten equally spaced beams scanned rotationally with a 6-degree cycle variation of spread of between 0.8° and 3.5°.

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Autonomous vehicles: a review of the ethical, social and economic implications of the AI revolution

International Journal of Intelligent Unmanned Systems ◽

10.1108/ijius-07-2020-0027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Shweta Banerjee

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Autonomous Vehicles ◽

Design Methodology ◽

Technological Advancement ◽

Economic Implications ◽

Content Type ◽

The Public ◽

Autonomous Cars ◽

The Subject ◽

Practical Implications

PurposeThere are ethical, legal, social and economic arguments surrounding the subject of autonomous vehicles. This paper aims to discuss some of the arguments to communicate one of the current issues in the rising field of artificial intelligence.Design/methodology/approachMaking use of widely available literature that the author has read and summarised showcasing her viewpoints, the author shows that technology is progressing every day. Artificial intelligence and machine learning are at the forefront of technological advancement today. The manufacture and innovation of new machines have revolutionised our lives and resulted in a world where we are becoming increasingly dependent on artificial intelligence.FindingsTechnology might appear to be getting out of hand, but it can be effectively used to transform lives and convenience.Research limitations/implicationsFrom robotics to autonomous vehicles, countless technologies have and will continue to make the lives of individuals much easier. But, with these advancements also comes something called “future shock”.Practical implicationsFuture shock is the state of being unable to keep up with rapid social or technological change. As a result, the topic of artificial intelligence, and thus autonomous cars, is highly debated.Social implicationsThe study will be of interest to researchers, academics and the public in general. It will encourage further thinking.Originality/valueThis is an original piece of writing informed by reading several current pieces. The study has not been submitted elsewhere.

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