Analyzing Psychological Similarity Spaces for Shapes

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-207
Author(s):  
Lucas Bechberger ◽  
Margit Scheibel
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Similarity

The Relativity of Psychological Similarity.

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Degerman
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Similarity

Psychology Within and Without the State

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Clark Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The World ◽  
Psychological Similarity

Psychological research in small-scale societies is crucial for what it stands to tell us about human psychological diversity. However, people in these communities, typically Indigenous communities in the global South, have been underrepresented and sometimes misrepresented in psychological research. Here I discuss the promises and pitfalls of psychological research in these communities, reviewing why they have been of interest to social scientists and how cross-cultural comparisons have been used to test psychological hypotheses. I consider factors that may be undertheorized in our research, such as political and economic marginalization, and how these might influence our data and conclusions. I argue that more just and accurate representation of people from small-scale communities around the world will provide us with a fuller picture of human psychological similarity and diversity, and it will help us to better understand how this diversity is shaped by historical and social processes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

An intelligent data-base interface using psychological similarity between data

1983 ◽  
Vol SMC-13 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyohiko Nakamura ◽  
Andrew P. Sage ◽  
Sosuke Iwai
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Psychological Similarity

scholarly journals Improving Whole-Brain Neural Decoding of fMRI with Domain Adaptation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Zhou ◽  
Christopher R. Cox ◽  
Haiping Lu
Keyword(s):  
Domain Adaptation ◽  
Feature Space ◽  
Neural Decoding ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Classifier Adaptation ◽  
Size Discrepancy ◽  
Training Examples ◽  
Psychological Similarity ◽  
Brain Fmri ◽  
Decoding Accuracy

AbstractIn neural decoding, there has been a growing interest in machine learning on whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, the size discrepancy between the feature space and the training set poses serious challenges. Simply increasing the number of training examples is infeasible and costly. In this paper, we proposed a domain adaptation framework for whole-brain fMRI (DawfMRI) to improve whole-brain neural decoding on target data leveraging pre-existing source data. DawfMRI consists of three steps: 1) feature extraction from whole-brain fMRI, 2) source and target feature adaptation, and 3) source and target classifier adaptation. We evaluated its eight possible variations, including two non-adaptation and six adaptation algorithms, using a collection of seven task-based fMRI datasets (129 unique subjects and 11 cognitive tasks in total) from the OpenNeuro project. The results demonstrated that appropriate source domain can help improve neural decoding accuracy for challenging classification tasks. The best-case improvement is 8.94% (from 78.64% to 87.58%). Moreover, we discovered a plausible relationship between psychological similarity and adaptation effectiveness. Finally, visualizing and interpreting voxel weights showed that the adaptation can provide additional insights into neural decoding.

Preferring a Genetically-Related Child

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 669-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Rulli
Keyword(s):  
Family Resemblance ◽  
Psychological Similarity ◽  
Physical Resemblance ◽  
Parent Child ◽  
Prospective Parents

Millions of children worldwide could benefit from adoption. One could argue that prospective parents have a pro tanto duty to adopt rather than create children. For the sake of argument, I assume there is such a duty and focus on a pressing objection to it. Prospective parents may prefer that their children are genetically related to them. I examine eight reasons prospective parents have for preferring genetic children: for parent-child physical resemblance, for family resemblance, for psychological similarity, for the sake of love, to achieve a kind of immortality, for the genetic connection itself, to be a procreator, and to experience pregnancy. I argue that, with the possible exception of the pregnancy desire, these reasons fail to defeat a duty to adopt a child rather than create one, even assuming that we do have some leeway to favor our own interests.

Two Measures of Category Breadth: Age, Sex, Examiner Differences and Intercorrelations

1969 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 859-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Penk
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quadratic Trend ◽  
High Tolerance ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Psychological Similarity ◽  
Linear Decline

Two measures of category breadth—an adaptation of Pettigrew's (1958) Category-width scale and a learning task called poggles (Wallach & Caron, 1959)—were administered in a battery to 100 children, ages 7 to 11, grades 2 to 6. Sex differences were not replicated. Significant age differences occurred. The two measures of category breadth evidenced different growth patterns: one measure followed a linear decline combined with a resurgence of means; the other measure showed a U-shaped quadratic trend indicating that youngest and oldest children used broader category breadths than intermediate-aged children. Examiner differences were not significant. Intercorrelations suggested that test correlates and behavioral referents of category breadth necessitated redefinition or elaboration. While broader categorization may continue to be defined as high tolerance for deviant instances in psychological similarity, it is not associated with the converse—high tolerance for nondeviant instances. Specifically, broad categorization negatively related to measures of comparatively mature levels of verbal abstractions.

scholarly journals Similarity is as Similarity Does? A Critical Inquiry into the Effect of Thematic Association on Similarity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett Honke ◽  
Kenneth J. Kurtz
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Work ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Task Instructions ◽  
Similarity Judgement ◽  
Psychological Similarity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Association Effect

Leading theories of psychological similarity are based on the degree of match in semantic content between compared cases (i.e., shared features, low dimensional distance, alignable relations). Broader forms of semantic relatedness such as the degree of association between cases (e.g., egg and spatula) are generally not considered to contribute to similarity judgments. However, empirical work has demonstrated a behavioral tendency to choose associated pairs over proximal pairs (i.e., high semantic content overlap) in similarity judgement tasks. As a result, dual-process models have been proposed that posit thematic integration in addition to content match as component processes of similarity. The present experiments investigate the thematic association effect in similarity in order to more clearly determine whether such a theoretical redirection is warranted. An alternative viewpoint is that confusion between similarity and association is the cause of the reported thematic bias. Experiment 1 introduces a modified similarity judgement task and addresses the impact of task instructions as a potential causal factor underlying the thematic association effect on similarity. Experiment 2 specifically compares the novel similarity task to a traditional two-alternative, forced choice triad task. Experiment 3 addresses the possibility of bias in the stimulus sets used in Experiments 1 and 2. Across the experiments we find association-based responding to be much less prevalent than in previous demonstrations: the traditional finding of a thematic preference only occurred when participants were specifically asked to select based on associativity (“goes with”). Modifications to conventional methodology that minimize biasing factors clearly attenuate the effect of association on similarity. We interpret these findings as evidence that that the thematic association effect derives from intrusions on psychological similarity, not from an additional component intrinsic to psychological similarity.

scholarly journals Similarity Judgments Predict N400 Amplitude Differences between Taxonomic Category Members and Thematic Associates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett Honke ◽  
Kenneth J. Kurtz ◽  
Sarah Laszlo
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Similarity Judgment ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Language Ability ◽  
Taxonomic Category ◽  
Relational Similarity ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Similarity Judgments ◽  
Psychological Similarity

Human similarity judgments do not reliably conform to the predictions of leading theories of psychological similarity. Evidence from the triad similarity judgment task shows that people often identify thematic associates like DOG and BONE as more similar than taxonomic category members like DOG and CAT, even though thematic associates lack the type of featural or relational similarity that is foundational to theories of psychological similarity. This specific failure to predict human behavior has been addressed as a consequence of education and other individual differences, an artifact of the triad similarity judgment paradigm, or a shortcoming in psychological accounts of similarity. We investigated the judged similarity of semantically-related concepts (taxonomic category members and thematic associates) as it relates to other task-independent measures of semantic knowledge and access. Participants were assessed on reading and language ability, then event-related potentials (ERPs) were collected during a passive, sequential word reading task that presented pseudowords and taxonomically-related, thematically-related, and unrelated word sequences, and, finally, similarity judgments were collected with the classic two-alternative forced-choice triad task. The results uncovered a correspondence between ERP amplitude and triad-based similarity judgments---similarity judgment behavior reliably predicts ERP amplitude during passive word reading, absent of any instruction to consider similarity. It was also found that individual differences in reading and language ability independently predicted ERP amplitude. This evidence suggests that similarity judgments are driven by reliable patterns of thought that are not solely rooted in the interpretation of task goals or reading and language ability.

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