The Participation of Pharmaceutical Drug Industry in Patent Governance and Law-Making: A Case Study of India and Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 153-176
Author(s):  
Amaka Vanni
Keyword(s):  
Drug Industry ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drug ◽  
Law Making

scholarly journals “Could You, Would You, Should You?” Regulating Cross-Border Travel Through COVID-19 Soft Law in Finland

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-44
Author(s):  
Emilia KORKEA-AHO ◽  
Martin SCHEININ
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Governmental Policy ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The World ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Guidelines And Recommendations ◽  
Law Making

In the coronavirus pandemic that has swept the world, the Finnish Government, like many of its peers, has issued policy measures to combat the virus. Many of these measures have been implemented in law, including measures taken under the Emergency Powers Act, or by ministries and regional and local authorities exercising their legal powers. However, some governmental policy measures have been implemented using non-binding guidelines and recommendations. Using border travel recommendations as a case study, this article critically evaluates governmental soft law-making. The debacle over the use of soft law to fight the pandemic in Finland revealed fundamental misunderstandings about the processes and circumstances under which instruments conceived as soft law can be issued, as well as a lack of attention to their effects from a fundamental rights perspective.

scholarly journals Religion in the Abortion Discourse in Singapore: A Case Study of the Relevance of Religious Arguments in Law-Making in Multi-Religious Democracies

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 505-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seow Hon Tan
Keyword(s):  
Social Issue ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Full Support ◽  
Liberal Philosophy ◽  
Law Making

I … appeal to hon. Members to face up to the challenge on this important social issue and give their full support to the Bill. I do hope that they will not falter just because of some pressure, social or otherwise, brought to bear on them by some minority groups outside who, on account of their religious dogmas, desire to impose their will on the majority… I am certain that the opposing stand to this Bill taken by this minority group will also in the course of time end up in the dustbins of history.Abortion, along with same-sex unions, is perhaps one of the world's most polarizing issues today. Laws on abortion vary across different jurisdictions, from prohibiting abortion under all circumstances to freely allowing it without restriction as to reason. Unlike rights such as freedom from torture or of speech, failure to recognize abortion rights is not necessarily the product of illiberal governments known to abuse human rights, nor is allowing abortion indicative of a good human rights record. Extensive rights to terminate a pregnancy may be symptomatic of a government's policy for population control, as in the case of China, or it may be an expression of the liberal philosophy of autonomy, as in the case of Canada.

Measuring Uncertainty Using Different Approaches: A Case Study for Acetaminophen Quantification

2016 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 612-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiane Lacerda Francisco ◽  
Alessandro Morais Saviano ◽  
Felipe Rebello Lourenço
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Uncertainty Estimation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drug ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Pharmaceutical Equivalence ◽  
Reproducibility Study ◽  
Repeatability And Reproducibility ◽  
Analytical Result ◽  
Measurement Uncertainty Estimation

Abstract Investigation of out-of-specification analytical results is laborious, time-consuming, and costly and must be well documented. However, an analytical result is not complete unless reported with its measurement uncertainty. Here, we compare four different approaches for measurement uncertainty estimation used in acetaminophen quantification in pharmaceutical drug products. Measurement uncertainties were estimated using a repeatability and reproducibility study, Eurachem/Citac guidelines, Monte Carlo simulations, and a spreadsheet method. These different approaches provided similar results. However, they differed by the sources of uncertainties considered, by the procedures of calculation, and by the effort required in routine applications. Nevertheless, all four approaches were successful in assessing conformity of acetaminophen content in pharmaceutical drug products and may be used in assessing pharmaceutical equivalence.

the european commission and the law-making process: compromise as a category of praxis

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
katerina sideri
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Practical Wisdom ◽  
Cognitive Schema ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
The Law ◽  
Mental Schemas ◽  
Shared Understandings ◽  
Legal Measure ◽  
Law Making

understanding law-making requires coming to grips with cognitive schemas, practical wisdom of agents involved in the production of law, as agents may interpret or apply the law according to socially accepted mental schemas developed as a result of socialisation in families, schools, universities and other social settings or in the course of exchange in professional settings. a case study on the conduct of officials of the european commission seeks to illustrate this point. this looks at tacit understandings regulating the conduct of officials of the european commission, engaging in the production of a legal proposal or in the implementation of a legal measure. such interaction may be successful, or less successful, depending on how contentious a legal file is, but is underlined by certain understandings, particular norms of conduct, as to how things are get done. in uncovering shared understandings, the article looks at modes of co-operation in working parties and shared files, promotion procedures, mobility, and how reputation is valued and acquired. the thesis advanced is of important cognitive schema, anthropological category of praxis, regulating the law-making process inside the european commission is compromise.

International Investment Law in Central Asia

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 1089-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mavluda Sattorova
Keyword(s):  
International Investment ◽  
International Investment Law ◽  
Investment Protection ◽  
Investment Treaty ◽  
Regional Investment ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Investment Law ◽  
Law Making

Despite the fact that Central Asian states have not been involved in regional investment treaty-making on a scale and thrust similar to that of ASEAN and NAFTA, their evolving approaches to international investment law merit attention, not least because of the unique geopolitical characteristics of the region. The aim of this article is to fill the gap in the existing scholarship by exploring regional characteristics of Central Asian participation in international investment law-making. It will critically evaluate the history of numerous regionalisation efforts and, through a case study of two Central Asian states, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, examine the shared patterns in the evolution of national approaches to investment protection rules. In particular, the identity of Central Asian states as rule-takers and the factors underlying the emergence of distinctive national stances on the scope and objective of investment rules will be analysed.

Illegal geographies of the state: the legalisation of a “squatter” settlement in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Hatcher
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Case Study Analysis ◽  
Legal Geography ◽  
Squatter Settlement ◽  
Law Making

Purpose – This paper aims to problematise the relation between “legality” and the state, through a case study analysis of law at work within the built environment. In doing so, the paper argues that studies on law and geography should consider the broader processes of state “law making” to understand the production of illegal space. Design/methodology/approach – The liminal boundary of illegal/legal and its relation with the state is developed through a case study on the legalisation process of a “squatter” settlement located on the outskirts of Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan. The paper draws on primary qualitative research (semi-structured interviews) and legal analysis undertaken in Kyrgyzstan at various times over seven months between 2011 and 2013. Findings – Examining law as static and pre-existing is problematic in developing an understanding of the production of illegal and legal spaces within the built environment. An emphasis on law-making and the process of legalisation draws attention to the different groups, practices and policies involved and reframes the relation between the state and legality. Originality/value – Using a case study anchoring the analysis within law’s constitutive and contested presence within the built environment, the paper addresses a theoretical and empirical panacea in legal geography by unpacking the “legal” with reference to its plurality internally within the state. Moreover, studies on law and geography have tended to focus on European or North American contexts, whereas this paper draws on data from Central Asia.

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