scholarly journals “Could You, Would You, Should You?” Regulating Cross-Border Travel Through COVID-19 Soft Law in Finland

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-44
Author(s):  
Emilia KORKEA-AHO ◽  
Martin SCHEININ
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Governmental Policy ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The World ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Guidelines And Recommendations ◽  
Law Making

In the coronavirus pandemic that has swept the world, the Finnish Government, like many of its peers, has issued policy measures to combat the virus. Many of these measures have been implemented in law, including measures taken under the Emergency Powers Act, or by ministries and regional and local authorities exercising their legal powers. However, some governmental policy measures have been implemented using non-binding guidelines and recommendations. Using border travel recommendations as a case study, this article critically evaluates governmental soft law-making. The debacle over the use of soft law to fight the pandemic in Finland revealed fundamental misunderstandings about the processes and circumstances under which instruments conceived as soft law can be issued, as well as a lack of attention to their effects from a fundamental rights perspective.

4. EU Law: Sources, Forms, and Law-Making

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-140
Author(s):  
Nigel Foster
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Alternative Decision ◽  
Law Making ◽  
The Eu

This chapter takes an overall view of the EU legal order and examines its legal system, including the elements which are either different from or similar to member states’ legal systems. It begins by taking an overall view of the EU legal order, the different forms of EU law, and the various sources of law contributing to this legal order, in particular now the rich source of human and fundamental rights in the EU legal order. It considers the non-strictly legally binding rules known as ‘soft law’. It also looks at the ways or processes by which the binding laws are made and reviews alternative decision-making and law-making developments.

scholarly journals An intelligent cross-border transaction system based on consortium blockchain: A case study in Shenzhen, China

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252489
Author(s):  
Zhengtang Fu ◽  
Peiwu Dong ◽  
Siyao Li ◽  
Yanbing Ju
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Allocation System ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Profit Allocation ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
The World ◽  
New Framework

Cross-border transactions have been more and more popular around the world. However, the current cross-border transactions still have risks and challenges, e.g., differences in regulation policies and unbalanced profits of banks. To address this critical issue, we construct a new framework for the transaction system with the support of blockchain technology. In this paper, we propose a new consortium blockchain system, namely asymmetric consortium blockchain (ACB), to ensure the implementation of cross-border transactions. Different from traditional consortium blockchain, the new blockchain system could support the supernode to regulate all the transactions timely. Furthermore, the new smart contract is designed to lower the opportunity loss for each node and make the profits allocation system fairer. In the end, the numerical experiments were carried out based on the transactions of Shenzhen and Hong Kong. The results show that the proposed ACB system is efficient to make the profit allocation fairer for the participants and keep intelligent for the new cross-border transaction system.

Cross-border Shopping Tourism: A Switzerland-Germany Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17
Author(s):  
Doug Ramsey ◽  
Tatanja Thimm ◽  
Leonie Hehn
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Intercept Survey ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Emerging Issues

AbstractBorder issues continue to be of interest in tourism literature, most significantly that which focusses on cross-border shopping (e.g., currency values, taxation, security). Borders as destinations are recognized in this area but the notion of shopping as a destination is perhaps less acknowledged. Following a review of the relevant literature, including the presentation of a table summarizing key areas of cross-border tourism research around the world, this paper presents a unique example of a border region with two-way traffic for cross-border shopping tourism: the border between Germany and Switzerland. The particular case is where two cities meet at the border: Konstanz, Germany and Kreuzlingen, Switzerland. An intercept survey and key informant interviews were conducted in both communities in the spring of 2015. The results indicate high levels of traffic for various products and services. And while residents are generally satisfied with cross-border shopping in their communities, there are emerging issues related to volume and, in particular, too many in Konstanz and not enough in Kreuzlingen. The paper concludes with a discussion that includes the development of a model cross-border shopping tourism that recognizes the multiple layers in space and destination. The paper concludes with a proposal to further investigate the particular issues related to the volume on both sides of borders where cross-border shopping is the destination.

scholarly journals Prohibiting Amendment: the Use of Absolute Rigidity in the Constitutions of the Countries of the World

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dag Anckar
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Law ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Constitutional Amendments ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All ◽  
British Colonies ◽  
Constitution Making

Constitutional amendments are as a rule enacted by special procedures that are more stringent than the procedure required of ordinary legislation. Some constitutions even make use of entrenched clauses which restrict in full the use of amendment; such constitutions, then, introduce what is called in this study "absoluty rigidity" (AR). Mapping the use of AR in the constitutions of countries of the world, this study shows that about one third of the countries have introduced for defined issues and principles a ban on amendment, differences between regions of the world being fairly small and the overall pattern therefore being global rather than territorial. However, more than countries in other regions, African countries are frequent AR-users. In regards to the question why some states resort to AR whereas others do not, findings are that democracies are not as frequent AR-users as are non-democracies; furthermore, diffusion stands out as an important explanatory factor, as evident from an inserted case study of former British colonies which indicates that a distaste of Britain for AR has indeed been transformed to the colonies, almost all of which have avoided the method. Concerning matters that enjoy AR-protection, territorial integraty, fundamental rights and freedmons, and republican and democratic forms of government are among the most frequent. A fair amount of the AR-entrenchements are in an empty-words category, as they are violated, even flagrantly, by the very states that have installed them.Key-words: Comparative law, constitution-making, constitutional rigidity, democratic politics.

scholarly journals Analysis on Marketing Strategies of Tencent Games—Take Honor of Kings as an Example

2021 ◽  
Vol 235 ◽  
pp. 03028
Author(s):  
Dantong Shen
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Entertainment Marketing ◽  
The World ◽  
Product Marketing ◽  
Cross Border Cooperation

This paper mainly focuses on the marketing strategies of Tencent Games. Tencent Games has the largest revenue all over the world. It is considered that the effective marketing strategies play important roles in global competition. Many researches have been focusing on this topic. In this article, strategies are summarized into four main points: product marketing, entertainment marketing, cross-border cooperation and intellectual property creation. Then the author conducts out a deep case study of Honor of Kings, introducing the most striking and latest strategies of the game. The game has cross-border cooperation with a cosmetics brand, idolizes the in-game characters and gets hold of festivals to launch virtual products. The experience of Tencent Games indicates that different strategies fit different periods and the developer should listen to the users and follow the trend.

scholarly journals A Tactical Framework for Market Penetration with a Multidimensional Organization

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel D. Bigley
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Organization Design ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Market Penetration ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Strategic Posture ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Almost Everywhere ◽  
The World

<p><em>A critical element to the growth opportunities in existing markets and new markets in neighboring sectors is penetration strategies. An entrepreneurial business that is interested in leveraging synergies to grow profitability must understand the dynamic nature of the market so that a suitable strategic posture can be taken. This strategy could be driven by tactical and deliberate action, or another exogenous force. The opportunities are there in many sectors and customers of multinational enterprises (MNE’s) exist almost everywhere. Cross border B2C e-commerce is expected to double by 2022 according to Forrester Research. So, how do MNE’s efficiently penetrate within segments and across geographic markets? Scaling opportunities exist across a multidimensional design (MDD) and the synergy opportunities between sites. This article describes methods and capabilities of market penetration ideally suited for an MDD. These themes emerged in the data when MDD leaders were asked about the roles of each function. In this case study an MNE utilized a multidimensional organization design to reach customers in many parts of the world. The author presents findings from this case and ultimately extracts ten propositions to guide client penetration strategy. Absent these measures, risk of revenue loss is enhanced significantly.</em></p>

4. EU Law: Sources, Forms, and Law-making

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Foster
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Alternative Decision ◽  
Law Making ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the EU’s legal system. It begins by taking an overall view of the EU legal order, the different forms of EU law, and the various sources of law contributing to this legal order, in particular now the rich source of human and fundamental rights in the EU legal order. It considers the non-strictly legally binding rules known as ‘soft law’. It also looks at the ways or processes by which the binding laws are made and reviews alternative decision-making and law-making developments.

4. EU Law: Sources, Forms, and Law-Making

2019 ◽  
pp. 94-139
Author(s):  
Nigel Foster
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Alternative Decision ◽  
Law Making ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the EU’s legal system. It begins by taking an overall view of the EU legal order, the different forms of EU law, and the various sources of law contributing to this legal order, in particular now the rich source of human and fundamental rights in the EU legal order. It considers the non-strictly legally binding rules known as ‘soft law’. It also looks at the ways or processes by which the binding laws are made and reviews alternative decision-making and law-making developments.

Transnational Commercial Law—Developments and Controversies

2021 ◽  
pp. 436-468
Author(s):  
Shahla Ali
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Commercial Law ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Future ◽  
Governance Processes ◽  
Law Making

This chapter suggests that alongside a growing recognition that the traditional territorialist theory is limited in its ability to deal with intensifying cross-border dealings, a pluralistic converging of a multiplicity of legal orders (including domestic) to ensure the efficacy of cross-border commercial law is emerging. The future development of a transnational legal order will reflect the intensifying interactions between diverse norms, laws, actors, and institutions—mirroring not necessarily the end of the nation-state—but requiring a wider loyalty beyond the nation-state. To understand these dynamics, this chapter will explore developments in the field of transnational arbitration by examining the evolution of relevant substantive commercial law and procedure, key forces including global soft-law-making bodies, relevant actors including the nation-state, arbitrators, parties and institutions, and relevant norms and governance processes influencing the continued evolution of transnational arbitration.

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