“Here There Is No Gold Standard. Cows Are the Standard”. Multiple Currencies, Colonial Taxation and Monetary Transition in Upper Ghana (1896–1936)

LVNC is a relatively new clinical entity, with a significant increase in awareness and diagnosis in recent years. Currently the aetiology and pathogenesis of LVNC remains uncertain, alongside prevalence, however the diagnosis of LVNC appears to be increasing with improving imaging techniques. For educational purposes involving a rare clinical condition, we present the case of a 52 year old gentleman who was diagnosed with LV non compaction via ECHO and CMR. Interestingly it was noted two of his children had congenital heart disease, one daughter had Tetralogy of Fallot, and a second daughter had both an ASD and VSD. Challenges facing LVNC involve difficulty of diagnosis with no gold standard yet available, uncertainty of benefit with standard disease modifying therapies for HF-REF, and apparent increased risk of arrhythmias suggesting early ICD placement may be warranted for patients. Keywords: Hr-Ref; heart failure; lv non compaction; arrhythmias; lcd Risk.

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Therapeutic difficulties in vesicorectal fistula treatment using several techniques in one center

Polish Annals of Medicine ◽

10.29089/2021.21.00209 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maciej Przudzik ◽

Maria Derkaczew ◽

Robert Hofman ◽

Marek Roslan

Keyword(s):

Radical Cystectomy ◽

Gold Standard ◽

Ileal Conduit ◽

Surgical Techniques ◽

Anterior Rectal Resection ◽

Surgical Methods ◽

The Mean ◽

Fistula Treatment ◽

No Gold Standard ◽

Radiotherapy Treatment

Introduction: Vesicorectal fistula (VRF) is a rare but devastating condition that may develop after surgery or radiotherapy. Many surgical methods to treat VRF have been described, but there is still no gold standard of VRF treatment. Aim: The aim of the study is to present our experience in the treatment of VRFs and analyze different surgical techniques applied in our center retrospectively. Material and methods: From June 2016 to June 2020, 7 patients (5 males and 2 females) aged 59–73 years (average 67.3 years) were treated for VRF in our center. The primary causes of VRFs were complications after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP), sigmoidectomy, laparotomy with removal of the tumour of the vaginal stump and anterior rectal resection and colostomy, Hartmann’s operation due to rectosigmoid carcinoma, radiotherapy, treatment of cervical cancer and transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). The patients were treated with one of the following methods: transvesical laparoscopic single-site surgery (T-LESS), transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS), transurethral fulguration and radical cystectomy with the Bricker’s ileal conduit. Results and discussion: Five patients underwent T-LESS, 2 TAMIS, 1 transurethral fulguration and 1 radical cystectomy with the Bricker’s ileal conduit. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 4 days (range 2–8 days). The mean operative time was 139 minutes (range 100–285 minutes). Only 1 patient had a recurrence of a fistula. Conclusions: Surgical management of VRFs is obligatory to prevent possible complications. Currently, there is no gold standard for treatment of VRFs. Therefore, this condition requires further investigation.

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The Influence of Filters on EEG-ERP Testing: Analysis of Motor Cortex in Healthy Subjects

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21227711 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (22) ◽

pp. 7711

Author(s):

Ilona Karpiel ◽

Zofia Kurasz ◽

Rafał Kurasz ◽

Klaudia Duch

Keyword(s):

Gold Standard ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Data Interpretation ◽

Eeg Signal ◽

Sensorimotor Area ◽

Eeg Data ◽

Reduction Methods ◽

Characteristic Values ◽

No Gold Standard ◽

Correct Data

The raw EEG signal is always contaminated with many different artifacts, such as muscle movements (electromyographic artifacts), eye blinking (electrooculographic artifacts) or power line disturbances. All artifacts must be removed for correct data interpretation. However, various noise reduction methods significantly influence the final shape of the EEG signal and thus its characteristic values, latency and amplitude. There are several types of filters to eliminate noise early in the processing of EEG data. However, there is no gold standard for their use. This article aims to verify and compare the influence of four various filters (FIR, IIR, FFT, NOTCH) on the latency and amplitude of the EEG signal. By presenting a comparison of selected filters, the authors intend to raise awareness among researchers as regards the effects of known filters on latency and amplitude in a selected area—the sensorimotor area.

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The Role of Average Health Status

Public Health and Welfare ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-1674-3.ch041 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 884-899

Author(s):

Jordan Panayotov

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Population Health ◽

Gold Standard ◽

Health Impact ◽

Local Context ◽

Policy Options ◽

The Matrix ◽

The Right ◽

No Gold Standard ◽

Average Health

Economic, social and environmental policies, programs and projects have impact on health. Health in All Policies (HiAP) aims to improve population health by taking into account these impacts. HiAP needs appropriate tools for assessing impacts on population health. When making choices between policy options, decision-makers rely on predictions from Health Impact Assessment. Currently there is no gold standard for establishing and assessing validity of predictions. This paper distinguishes between two levels of causal pathways regarding health impacts – specific and conditional, and proposes the Average Health Status – Health Inequalities Matrix as gold standard. The Matrix facilitates making the right choices at any level and local context, thus is useful for researchers, policy-makers and practitioners for designing, analysing and evaluating all kinds of policies. By allowing quick, reliable and inexpensive appraisal of different policy options the matrix makes feasible taking into account the impacts on population health and paves the way for institutionalizing of HiAP.

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Neonatal and infant pain assessment

Oxford Textbook of Pediatric Pain ◽

10.1093/med/9780198818762.003.0036 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 375-390

Author(s):

Mariana Bueno ◽

Mats Eriksson ◽

Bonnie J. Stevens

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Knowledge Translation ◽

Pain Assessment ◽

Gold Standard ◽

Comprehensive Evaluation ◽

Policies And Procedures ◽

Infant Pain ◽

Assessment Measures ◽

Neonates And Infants ◽

No Gold Standard

Pain assessment is an essential foundation to mitigate pain and its consequences in the developing child. However, pain assessment in neonates and infants is challenging and, to date, there is no “gold standard” infant pain indicator, measure, or approach. This chapter encompasses (1) a comprehensive evaluation of the most current and well validated neonatal/infant pain assessment measures; (2) an overview on biomarkers and cortical indicators on neonatal/infant pain; (3) the integration of recommendations on pain-assessment measures and practices within clinical practice guidelines, policies, and procedures; and (4) challenges associated with neonatal and infant pain assessment in terms of research, clinical, and knowledge translation issues.

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Mode Awareness and Automated Driving—What Is It and How Can It Be Measured?

Information ◽

10.3390/info11050277 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 277 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christina Kurpiers ◽

Bianca Biebl ◽

Julia Mejia Hernandez ◽

Florian Raisch

Keyword(s):

Gold Standard ◽

Automated Driving ◽

Active System ◽

Operational Design ◽

Automation Systems ◽

Study Results ◽

Level 3 ◽

No Gold Standard ◽

Level 2 ◽

Initial Instruction

In SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) Level 2, the driver has to monitor the traffic situation and system performance at all times, whereas the system assumes responsibility within a certain operational design domain in SAE Level 3. The different responsibility allocation in these automation modes requires the driver to always be aware of the currently active system and its limits to ensure a safe drive. For that reason, current research focuses on identifying factors that might promote mode awareness. There is, however, no gold standard for measuring mode awareness and different approaches are used to assess this highly complex construct. This circumstance complicates the comparability and validity of study results. We thus propose a measurement method that combines the knowledge and the behavior pillar of mode awareness. The latter is represented by the relational attention ratio in manual, Level 2 and Level 3 driving as well as the controllability of a system limit in Level 2. The knowledge aspect of mode awareness is operationalized by a questionnaire on the mental model for the automation systems after an initial instruction as well as an extensive enquiry following the driving sequence. Further assessments of system trust, engagement in non-driving related tasks and subjective mode awareness are proposed.

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