The Ancient Bronzes of Bashkiria: Findings on the Composition of Non-ferrous Metal Obtained at the Burial Grounds of the Bronze Age

2022 ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Ilshat I. Bakhshiev ◽  
Elvir V. Kamaleev
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
The Bronze Age

FINDINGS ON THE COMPOSITION OF NON-FERROUS METAL OBTAINED FROM THE BURIAL GROUNDS OF THE BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTH URALS (TAVLYKAEVO 1-2, STARO-YABALAKLY)

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
I.I. BAKHSHIEV ◽  
◽  
E.V. KAMALEEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
South Urals ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
General Description ◽  
The South ◽  
Tin Alloys ◽  
Common Category ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
The Bronze Age

The article presents the results of elemental analysis of the composition of metal objects obtained from the burial grounds dating back to the Srubna culture of the South Urals. The data were received through analyzing the most common category of jewelry - bronze bracelets. The prevailing shapes are open grooved bracelets with rounded ends, as well as bracelets made of rods and twisted wires with semicircular and triangular sections. The main purpose of this work is to give a general description of the oldest metal composition and compare the series of findings from the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals. The first stage of the work involved examination of 10 samples of the Trans-Ural group of objects from Tavlykaevo 1 and 2 burials and 7 decorations from the Srubna burials of the Staro-Yabalakly necropolis (Cis-Urals). The principal metallurgical group includes tin bronzes with three-component alloys of copper, tin and lead or copper, tin and antimony. In terms of its composition, the series of findings under study was quite clearly differentiated. In the Trans-Ural assemblages, objects with addition of lead were primarily found in the burials of Tavlykaevo I burial ground, while in Tavlykaevo 2 burial ground, copper-tin alloys with antimony inclusions prevailed. In the Staro-Yabalakly necropolis, a single object might contain an admixture of antimony and lead. Depending on the elemental composition of non-ferrous metals in various categories of objects, it is hypothetically possible to reconstruct the directions of metal supply to the South Urals and characterize the local features of the metallurgy development in this region in the Bronze Age.

scholarly journals Ancient archaeological complexes of southern part of Khantau Mountains

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
Alexander Anatolievich Goryachev ◽  
Vladimir Vasilyevich Saraev
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Tien Shan ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Materials Analysis ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
The Bronze Age

The paper introduces new materials about archaeological monuments of the paleometal period and early nomads of the Khantau Mountains into scientific circulation. This region is the main one in the communication processes among the ancient population of the Central Kazakhstan steppes and the foothill areas of all North Tien Shan and Jetysu in particular. The southwestern slopes and the southern part of the Khantau Mountains were explored by the expedition of Archaeology Institute named after A.Kh. Margulan in 2017-2018, where series of ancient settlements, burial grounds and petroglyphs of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age were discovered. The materials of archaeological complex Kojabala show patterns of settlements location and burial grounds, which reflect the tradition of economic and cultural development of the region in Ancient times. We can associate the origin and existence of Kojabala-I burial with the process of Andronovo community Fedorovsky tribal groups migration from Central Kazakhstan in the XV and at the turn of the XIV-XIII centuries BC. The Bronze Age Kojabala tract materials analysis let us to assume, that economic and ethno-cultural intercourses of the population of Central Kazakhstan and Jetysu in this period were close. Such conclusion has perspective direction for further researches.

scholarly journals Pottery complex of the Bronze Age burial ground of Kulevchi VI: typology and technical-technological analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
V.V. Ilyushina ◽  
I.P. Alaeva ◽  
N.B. Vinogradov
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Organic Additives ◽  
Natural Clays ◽  
Dual Evolution ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Technological Analysis ◽  
The Bronze Age

This paper presents the results of the typological study and technical-technological analysis of the pottery complex from the Late Bronze Age burial ground of Kulevchi VI (Southern Ural, Russia). The typological analysis of 107 objects yielded 10 types of the vessels correlated with four cultural and chronological groups: Petrovka; Early Alakul; Alakul and Alakul-Fedorov. The presence of all designated groups and types of vessels in the burial ground indicates functioning of the necropolis during the whole period of existence of the Alakul Culture: types IА, IБ and IВ — the formation stage of the actual Alakul Culture associated with the pottery of the Petrovka type of the sites; types IIБ, IIВ, III — the golden age of the Alakul Culture; and type IIГ — the late stage of the Alakul Cul-ture, reflecting the engagement with sub-cultural groups of the Fedorovskaya population. The technical-technological analysis using the method developed by A.A. Bobrinsky revealed the pottery skills of the population making different types of vessels. Amongst the studied population, only natural clays were used for pottery. The molding composition included organic additives and talcum gruss, and sometimes also chamotte. One program of constructing of the clay blank, the vaulted bottom type, has been identified, and the use of the patchwork spiral applique has been recorded. The surface of the vessels was smoothened and subjected to glazing. The firing of pottery items was carried out in fire-pits and hearths. Close similarity of the potters’ skills at different stages of pottery making has been observed for the items of the Petrovka, Early and Classical Alakul and Alakul-Fedorov Cultures. Correlation of the collected information with the known data on the ceramics of the Petrovka and Alakul types demonstrates commonality of the skills possessed by these groups of the population of Southern Ural and Northern Kazakhstan. On the basis of similarity of the pottery-making technologies of different chronological groups of the burial grounds of Kulevchi VI, it has been established that the development of the pottery-making traditions of the population was taking place within affinal groups. The similarity of the pottery traditions and gra-dual evolution of the Petrovka, Early Alakul; Alakul and Alakul-Fedorov groups allow considering them within the framework of the same phenomenon — the Alakul Culture.

ON THE ERRONEOUS INTERPRETATION OF THE ORIGIN AND TIME OF THE APPEARANCE OF THE CATACOMB TYPE OF BURIAL IN THE BRONZE AGE IN CENTRAL ASIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 4-12
Author(s):  
Akhmadali Askarov ◽  
◽  
Behzod I. Isabekov ◽  
Ubaydulla M. Ismoilov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Candidate Dissertation ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Soviet Historiography ◽  
Erroneous Interpretation ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Burial Rite

This article examines the origin of ancient catacomb-type graves, about its erroneous use at one time in relation to the graves of the Zamanbaba culture based on the historiography of Soviet archeology. At one time, V.A. Gorodtsov also mistakenly called the undercut graves catacomb, as evidenced by his graphic drawings. Our further studies of real catacomb graves on the territory of the Akhangaron Valley showed what a catacomb-type grave is, its internal structure and the time of its appearance in Central Asia. Unfortunately, Russian colleagues-archaeologists, without delving into the internal structure of catacomb-type graves, repeat the terminological errors of Soviet historiography, as evidenced by the candidate dissertation of Yu.G. Kutimova “The origin and ways of spreading the catacomb burial rite in Central Asia (based on the materials of the burial grounds of the Bronze Age) to which the authors' self-critical approach to determining the time of the appearance of the catacomb device of graves is devoted, also criticizes Russian colleagues in the interpretation and interpretation of archaeological sources of Central Asia in the Soviet conservatism historiography

Mounds of Sentelek

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.I. Shulga ◽  
◽  
M.A. Demin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Pazyryk Culture ◽  
Special Place ◽  
History Of ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
The Bronze Age

Th e proposed monograph provides materials from the Sentelek archaeological expedition led by P.I. Shulga in 1991–2002 in the Sentelek River Valley in the Charyshsky District of the Altai Territory (Russia). Th e monograph also includes materials from burial grounds Mashenka-1 and Shchuchiy Log-1 located along the Charysh River. Most of studied burials date back to the Bronze Age and the Scythian times. Among them, a special place is occupied by the funeral and memorial complex at “tsarist” mound 1 of the Pazyryk culture, which is the fi rst monument of this kind in Altai investigated in one excavation. Th e monograph is intended for archaeologists and specialists involved in the history of the eastern part of the Scythian world.

scholarly journals BURIAL ASSEMBLAGES OF THE BRONZE AND THE EARLY IRON AGES FROM THE USPENSKIY I AND USPENSKIY II KURGAN CEMETERIES IN THE NORTHWESTERN PART OF THE STAVROPOL REGION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Я.Б. Березин ◽  
А.А. Клещенко
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Contact Zone ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Rare Type ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Incense Burner ◽  
The Bronze Age

В статье публикуются материалы эпохи бронзы и раннего железного века из курганных могильников Успенский I и Успенский II (Новоалександровский район Ставропольского края). Из них два относятся к раннекатакомбному времени (втор. четв. III тыс. до н. э.), пять – к позднекатакомбному (третья четв. III тыс. до н. э.), одно – к сарматской культуре (II–I вв. до н. э.), достоверная датировка еще двух погребений невозможна. Из погребений эпохи средней бронзы наибольший интерес представляет серия позднекатакомбных комплексов, соединяющая в себе элементы восточноманычской, батуринской и суворовской традиций, что связано с местоположением изученных могильников в контактной зоне трех указанных культурных феноменов. Сарматское погребение, являясь довольно типичным для своего культурного круга, выделяется наличием редкой разновидности культового сосуда – курильницы. The paper publishes materials of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age from two burial grounds, namely, Uspenskiy I and Uspenskiy II (Novoaleksandrovsk district of the Stavropol region). Two assemblages are dated to the Early Catacomb period (the second quarter of 3rd mill. BC) whereas five assemblages are dated to the Late Catacomb period (third quarter of 3rd mill. BC), one assemblage is attributed to the Sarmatian culture (2nd – 1st century BC). Reliable dating of two more burials is not possible. A series of Late Catacomb assemblages that combine elements of the Eastern Manych, Baturin and Suvorovskaya traditions explained by the location of the excavated cemeteries in the contact zone between these three cultures is of the greatest interest. While being rather typical for its cultural circle, the Sarmatian grave is notable for presence of a rare type of a ritual vessel – incense-burner.

scholarly journals Sintashta as a Cultural and Historical Phenomenon of the Bronze Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-67
Author(s):  
Kukushkin I. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
The South ◽  
Wide Strip ◽  
Historical Phenomenon ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
The Bronze Age

The Sintashta culture is the most controversial ethno-cultural formation of the Bronze Age, formed in the Ural-Kazakhstan steppes. It appears suddenly and is located on the territory of the Southern Trans-Urals. Fortified settlements and burial grounds of this culture spread in a wide strip along the eastern slopes of the Ural Range. The specificity of fortified urban-type settlements, uncharacteristic for the steppe zone of Eurasia, allowed researchers to conclude that they were imported from other regions where they had been originally developed and canonized. In this regard, the most probable is the gradual migration of the population from the territory of Asia Minor, the architectural and planning standards of which demonstrate features of detailed similarity. The alleged migration took place through the Trans-Asian corridor connecting the Middle East and Central Asia to South Kazakhstan, from where paramilitary groups appear in the South Trans-Urals and create the Sintashta culture. Fortified settlements are accompanied by the appearance of burials with chariot attributes, presented in the form of an already established complex of objects and technologies. In archaeological sources, the chariot complex is represented by the remains of chariots, skeletons of draft horses, cheekpieces, as well as weapons of distance and close combat. In the steppes of Eurasia, the war chariot becomes the most formidable and powerful weapon of the Bronze Age. Keywords: Sintashta, migration, chariot, Southern Trans-Urals, Middle East

scholarly journals To the Issue of Anthropological Contacts Between the Populations of the Srubnaya and Alakul Cultures of the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Urals and Western Kazakhstan Steppes

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-83
Author(s):  
Alexander Khokhlov ◽  
Egor Kitov ◽  
Yulia Kapinus
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
Foreign Population ◽  
Western Kazakhstan ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
The Bronze Age

Introduction. The work focuses on anthropological materials of the border between two areals: the Srubnaya and Alakul cultures of the Bronze Age. New data is based on the burial grounds of the Kozhumberdy type of the Alakul culture from Western Kazakhstan. Methods and materials. The authors compare the craniological series which are formed according to the geographical localization of the monuments and modern archaeological ideas about their cultural interpretation. Analysis. As a result of statistical analysis, the craniological series of the Srubnaya and Alakul cultures are morphologically quite close, but the latter show higher variability of characteristics. More close to each other are samples of female skulls which show that the formation of physical characteristics of these populations occurred on a single anthropological substrate. Initially, carriers of different caucasoid complexes, mainly of steppe origin, and in a small proportion of the uraloid ones took part in the process. The populations of the Srubnaya and Alakul cultures for a long time interacted with each other. This is reflected in the materials of syncretic Srubnaya-Alakul monuments, as well as in the craniological characteristics of the population of these cultural entities. Judging by morphological features of the skulls, the eastern group of the Alakul population also contacted the collectives of the Fedorovo version of the Andronovo culture of Kazakhstan. The participation of any groups of Central Asian origin in the composition of Alakul populations is not denied, but if it took place, it was most likely of a secondary nature due to the incorporation of certain representatives of a foreign population. Results. The results and conclusions of this work should be used in historical reconstructions of the processes of the formation, development and extinction of the Bronze Age archaeological communities in the area of the VolgaUrals and Western Kazakhstan.

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