Funeral Rite and Morphology of a Buried Man from Kurgan of Tau Cemetery (Western Kazakhstan)

Introduction. The paper presents results of the funeral rite and material culture study of the Sauromat time Tau cemetery located on the territory of Western Kazakhstan, and also provides anthropological analysis of the skull discovered there. Methods and materials. An interdisciplinary approach was applied in the course of the study with inclusion of typological, analog and cross-dating methods regarding the funeral rite and material culture examination, methods for studying craniometrical and cranioscopic signs, as well as methods of skull pathology evaluation. The source of the study material as well as the male skull discovery site is burial 1 of kurgan 1 of Tau cemetery. Discussion and results. The funeral rite and clothing inventory data confirms that the burial belongs to Sauromat archaeological culture and, within the chronological framework, could be dated back late 6th – early 5th centuries BC. Furthermore, the funeral rite and weaponry features, including a quiver set with a short sword, attribute this burial to this epoch. Historical and archaeological source analysis suggests that there must have been a cult of the Hand in the Sauromat-Sarmatian society; consequently, the separate interment of the right hand in the examined burial reveals its military trophy origin. The male skull possesses Caucasian features with a weakened horizontal facial profile. The morphological features of the skull from the Tau cemetery have analogies in the synchronous population of Western Kazakhstan, Southern Urals and Lower Volga regions. The skull pathology analysis showed the presence of periodontitis, intravital trauma to the frontal bone, as well as some acute sinusitis signs.

Productivity of pastures of Western Kazakhstan as affected by the method they are used

Деградация земель стала глобальной проблемой в высокоразвитых индустриальных странах и странах с низким уровнем дохода. Решение проблемы деградации пастбищ может привести к снижению бедности населения и повышению уровня связывания углерода на пастбищах. Процесс управления пастбищными ресурсами Западного Казахстана усложняется из-за ухудшения растительного покрова с проявлением процессов деградации и опустынивания в результате бессистемного выпаса скота. В статье представлены результаты изучения организации сезонных пастбищ посредством использования отгонного участка с целью сохранения показателей фитомассы и повышения эффективности использования пастбищ. Исследования проводились в условиях пастбищных угодий крестьянского хозяйства «Мирас» в полупустынной зоне Западного Казахстана. Исследования позволили доказать эффективность сезонной организации пастбищного хозяйства с использованием отгонного участка. В летний период на сезонных пастбищах отмечено увеличение численности и встречаемости ценных пастбищных растений Kochia prostrata, Agropyron desertorum, Festuca valesiaca, Leymus ramosus, Koeleria cristata. На отгонном участке песчаных пастбищ установлены 23 вида растений разных хозяйственно-ботанических групп, благодаря природным условиям песков в фитоценозе встречаемость ценных растений в кормовом отношении высокая. К середине лета на участке сезонного и отгонного пастбища, несмотря на выпадение из состава растительности представителей разнотравья и высыхание злаков, урожайность зелёной фитомассы составила 0,81–1,03 т/га, что больше по сравнению с участком использования бессистемного выпаса на 0,43–0,64 т/га. В этой работе сделан вывод, что для повышения эффективности управления пастбищными ресурсами важно использовать сезонные пастбища с включением в пастбищеоборот отгонного участка, в чём и заключается научная новизна исследований. Land degradation is a serious problem worldwide. Improvement of soil fertility is able to increase a life quality in many countries and carbon sequestration in grassland systems. Management of pasture resources in Western Kazakhstan is getting harder due to the deterioration of plant cover, soil degradation and desertification as a result of unsystematic grazing. This article reports on seasonal pastures used as distant pastures in order to maintain phytomass properties and optimize grazing system. The research was conducted at the farm “Miras” in the semi-desert of Western Kazakhstan. This investigation proved the effectiveness of seasonal distant pastures. In summer valuable plant species such as Kochia prostrata, Agropyron desertorum, Festuca valesiaca, Leymus ramosus, Koeleria cristata often occur on seasonal pastures. 23 plant species of different economic and botanical groups have been observed on sandy soil of distant pastures. Due to the natural growth conditions the occurrence of valuable plants was high in phytocenoses. By the middle of summer, the yield of green mass amounted to 0.81–1.03 t ha-1 at seasonal pastures regardless of the loss of some plant species. This was 0.43–0.64 t ha-1 higher than in the area of unsystematic grazing. To optimize pasture resources’ management seasonal distant areas are of great value.

Нарушенные парные погребения кожумбердынской культурной группы эпохи поздней бронзы Южного Зауралья

This article aims at discussing the time and the character (pragmatic or ritual) of disturbances in paired burials of Kozhumberdy cultural group of Late Bronze Alakul´ Culture in the Southern Urals and Western Kazakhstan. Data. The object of the study are Kozhumberdy paired burials, which were deliberately disturbed, including 19 simultaneous and 3 non-simultaneous graves. Results. The simultaneous burials are divided into two groups according to the degree of skeletal impairment. In the first group the remains of both deceased are equally broken; there are 10 of such burials. The skeletal impairment of pelvic and/or femur bones prevail. In the second group the remains of one of the deceased are broken to a greater degree; there are 9 such burials. As a rule, the female bones suffered more: the skull manipulation (removal, breaking) is their characteristic feature. The fact of the presence of vessels in situ in most graves and the accuracy with which the penetration was accomplished may serve as the evidence of the disturbances made by the contemporaries of the buried. There seems to be no pragmatic purpose for such disturbances: the absence of prestigious grave-goods in most undisturbed paired burials may serve as the indirect indication of this fact. This is supported by direct evidence as well because those who disturbed the graves were apparently not interested in the valuable jewelry; it was left in the disturbed part of the grave. Notably, the disturbance of non-simultaneous burials is like that of simultaneous graves: the skeletons are broken down to the pelvic and/or femur bones (1) and the skulls are removed (2). Conclusions. The disturbance of Kozhumberdy paired burials was carried out during post-burial rituals performed by the contemporaries of the deceased.

Natural-climate zonal distribution of the beekeeping industry in the west of Kazakhstan

Analysis of the features of Western Kazakhstan for the presence and level of thermal regime, phytocenotic diversity as a source of food for bees and other important indicators are necessary to establish the level of intensity and search for ways to increase the efficiency of the beekeeping industry, which will become a significant replenishment of the fodder base for farm animals. In addition, the use of such honey plants as sweet clover, alfalfa, clover, sainfoin significantly improves soil fertility in crop rotation structures, since the use of leguminous herbs significantly increases soil nitrogen. In cases where sweet clover is sown on lands with a high salt content, their salinity is significantly reduced, which today makes it possible to stop soil degradation, and this is a solution to global problems. The climate of the western regions of Kazakhstan is characterized by a sharp continentality, which increases from northwest to southeast. The signs of continentality are distinguished by sharp temperature contrasts of day and night, winter and summer, and a rapid transition from winter to summer. Instability and scarcity of atmospheric precipitation, intensity of evaporation processes and an abundance of direct sunlight throughout the growing season are typical throughout the region. Intensive crop production is mainly concentrated in the steppe and dry-steppe zones located in the northern part of the West Kazakhstan and Aktobe regions. The territory of intensive agriculture in the west of Kazakhstan for many years has formed a range of agricultural crops, priority for crop production, the main of which are winter cereals, spring breads, legumes. The entire grain wedge accounts for 50% of all sown area. On average, 12% of the area is sown annually with oilseeds and 36% is allocated for sowing forage crops, including typical nectar-bearing crops: sunflower, safflower, alfalfa, sainfoin, sweet clover. Mustard, buckwheat, camelina are sown in small amounts. The natural and climatic conditions of Western Kazakhstan in terms of indicators and characteristics that affect the activity of bee pollination are complex, unstable, but quite acceptable for targeted involvement in agricultural production. Seed production of field crops with the involvement of cultivated species of pollinating insects in the process of pollination can increase the yield of seed production by 45-50%.

THE IMPORTANCE OF SPRINGS, SELF-FLOWING ARTESIAN WELLS, UNDERGROUND CAVE LAKES OF WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN IN TOURISM

The use of springs is becoming increasingly important in tourism. There are many springs in Western Kazakhstan that can be used to develop various types of tourism. Springs can be used for health, ecological, religious and other types of tourism. Today, health and spa tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of world tourism. The historical and cultural heritage, and biodiversity associated with the springs also fascinate people, and many of them can become unique tourist destinations with high visual impact. The article gives characteristics of springs, self-flowing artesian wells, underground cave lakes of Western Kazakhstan and indicates their tourist potential for travellers and local. However, despite the high recreational potential of springs, tourism as a whole is not developed enough to provide quality tourism services and attract a large number of tourists to the region. An analysis of the tradition of tourist use of springs has been carried out and the main types of modern recreation are justified based on an assessment of the tourist potential of springs.