The Daily Lives of Urban Women during the Khrushchev Thaw in Soviet and Post-Soviet Scholarship

The article discusses the rise and changes of scholarly interest in urban women's everyday life in the USSR of the mid-twentieth century. By studying the Soviet and post-Soviet historiography of women's everyday life during Khrushchevs Thaw, the authors explain that at first this subject was treated in analogy to the customary celebration of Soviet achievements: also, the womens question would eventually be resolved. With rising doubts about the resolvability of the complex problems related to gender relations came a paradigm shift towards reflections on the difficulties and contradictions in the lifestyle of urban women. At the center of debate were now the necessity for shortening the working day and for additional vacation days, as well as the double bondage of women who had to combine a professional workload with heavy family obligations. The authors argue that in the 1990s (a period now often called the new thaw, and the nineties of the gender debates), the political aspects of female life in the 1950s and 1960s became marginal in scholarship. The main attention was now focused on the home and family spheres, on problems of corporeality and fashion, and on the woman's voice in literature, cinema and media. In consequence, some aspects of women's everyday life during the Thaw years remained unexplored. Finally, there are no generalizing works that would compare women's everyday life on the levels of the USSR, Russia, or Russias regions, and little work has been done on ethnocultural characteristics of women's life in the post-war USSR.

"VESTIGES OF THE PAST", "NEW TRADITIONS" AND OTHER TRENDS OF THE NORTH CAUCASIAN SEGMENT OF SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY (1960-1980).

Идея формирования единой общности «советский народ», озвученная на ХХII съезде КПСС в 1961 году, поставила перед гуманитарной наукой задачу теоретического обоснования формирования «нового типа исторической общности». Этнокультурное многообразие народов страны представлялось препятствием в решении этой стратегической задачи, поэтому в научной повестке появились вопросы унификации этнического самосознания, культуры, быта и духовных ценностей. В настоящей статье представлен историографический обзор работ северокавказских ученых 1960-1980 годов, позволивший определить влияние государственной национальной политики страны на региональную гуманитарную науку. Выявлено, что главными тенденциями северокавказского сегмента советской историографии были критика пережитков прошлого, устаревших традиций, обоснование необходимости новой советской обрядовой культуры и разработка практических рекомендаций по ее внедрению. Работа на поставленную задачу плохо сочеталась с другими, действительно важными для науки проблемами национальной культуры и самосознания, межнациональных отношений. Вместе с тем, северокавказские ученые, принимая активное участие в дискуссиях по поводу этнических дефиниций «нация», «традиция», «обычай», «обряд» и других не ограничивались пропагандой и агитацией. В условиях непоследовательной национальной политики они столь же непоследовательно и противоречиво обсуждали соотношение национального и интернационального в культуре, разрабатывали модели «синтетической традиции», которая бы совмещала национальные формы с социалистическим содержанием. Вместе с тем высказывали достаточно смелые мысли о перегибах в борьбе с традиционной культурой, об искусственном разрыве связи времен и препятствии освоению культурного наследия, об исторической обусловленности, динамичности и подвижности традиции. Сделан вывод о негативном влиянии идеологического пресса на гуманитарную науку, в частности на этнологию и на очевидный, но не в полной мере реализованный потенциал ученых-кавказоведов. The idea of forming a single community of "Soviet people", voiced at the XXII Congress of the CPSU in 1961, set before the humanitarian science the task of theoretical justification for the formation of a "new type of historical community". The ethno-cultural diversity of the peoples of the country seemed to be an obstacle in solving this strategic task, so the issues of unification of ethnic identity, culture, everyday life and spiritual values appeared on the scientific agenda. This article presents a historiographical review of the works of North Caucasian scientists of 1960-1980, which made it possible to determine the impact of the state national policy of the country on the regional humanities. It is revealed that the main trends of the North Caucasian segment of the Soviet historiography were criticism of the remnants of the past, outdated traditions, justification of the need for a new Soviet ritual culture and practical recommendations for its implementation. Work on the task was poorly combined with other, really important for science problems of national culture and self-consciousness, interethnic relations. At the same time, the North Caucasian scholars, taking active part in discussions about ethnic definitions of "nation", "tradition", "custom", "rite" and others, were not limited to propaganda and agitation. In the conditions of inconsistent national policy, they equally inconsistently and contradictory discussed the ratio of national and international in culture, developed models of "synthetic tradition" that would combine national forms with socialist content. At the same time, they expressed rather bold thoughts about excesses in the fight against traditional culture, about the artificial rupture of the connection of times and obstacles to the development of cultural heritage, about the historical conditionality, dynamism and mobility of tradition. The conclusion is made about the negative influence of the ideological press on the humanities, in particular, on ethnology and on the obvious, but not fully realized potential of the Caucasian scientists.

Evenimentele din 1992 în manualul de istorie din școlile transnistrene / The events of 1992 in the history textbook of Transnistrian schools

After the 1991 separatist region of Transnistria developed its own education system, provided with normative acts, including curriculum and textbooks. History education is part of the official discourse and focuses on Transnistrian interests. In many cases, textbooks are based on Soviet historiography, and Western neighbors are treated as enemies. The author of the present article analyzes, in particular, Chapter IX of the textbook for the ninth grade, which deals with the formation of the separatist republic and the Dniester War of 1992, which is described by the authors of the textbook as “Moldova’s military aggression against the Transnistrian people.” The facts presented in this textbook are unilateral, trying to demonstrate the “aggression of Moldova” on the districts on the left bank of the Dniester. Although, at the end of the topic, the authors consider that this military conflict was “a bloody war”, they insist more on the “sufferings, losses and victims” of the inhabitants of this region. There is a total lack of critical, comparative, and balanced approach to these sensitive events for the recent history of the Republic of Moldova.

Subject-activity approach of S.L. Rubinstein: Neo-Kantianism and Marxism

Pages history Soviet psychology often contain gaps, which are due to incomplete or inaccessible sources as well as to ideological distortions реrception and interpretation events epoch totalitarianism. Historical-psychological reconstructions, inspired these days archival and revisionist turns, as well as methodology latent change, offer other interpretative models, on one hand, overcoming established mythologems, and on other, revealing а complex, contradictory and ambiguous picture development socio-humanitarian knowledge first half 20th сеntury. Under influence globalization and transnational research projects, contemporary Russian historiography in one way or another updates its methodological tools, turns to polyparadigmatics and transdisciplinarity, and shifts from linear interpretative schemes to constructions that include marginal and non-obvious narratives and discourses along with canonical ones. In light new interpretive model, which takes into асcount historio-graphical materials related sciences as well as hidden currents Soviet culture, three methodological milestones are singled for analysis in S.L. Rubinstein’s intellectual biography: neo-Kantian, Marxist, and anthropological (existential) реriods scientific work. It is emphasized that Soviet historiography left almost no doubts concerning Marxist foundations S.L. Rubinstein’s subjectivе-асtivity арproach, but other models interpretation not only immerse Russian psychology in context epistemological twists and turns in socio-humanitarian knowledge 20th сеntury, but also problematize established ideas and call them into question. Among such problematizations is а comprehension neo-Kantian and Marxist premises S.L. Rubinstein’s doctrine. It is stated that principle creative асtivity, notion self-development and individuation subject, problem ethics and values as internal guidelines human development represent latent neo-Kantianism in intellectual biography scientist.

The formatting of space and time in totalitarian historical discourse

The subject of this article is the influence of socio-political engagement in non-democratic societies on the formation of scientific and historical discourse and on its further functioning and use for non-historical – political and educational purposes. It is analyzed not only from the point of view of the unique features inherent exclusively to totalitarianism, but rather as a derivative of socio-political requests for history that arise and are realized in any society, constantly becoming more complex over time. For Soviet totalitarianism, a characteristic feature of such requests was the absolutization of revolutions, which were interpreted as pivotal, milestone events that signified the main content of the progress of social development at literally all its stages. Because of this, Soviet historiography and the historiography of countries dependent on the USSR was characterized by attempts to “conceptually update the status” of a number of historical events, even those that preceded revolutions in their generally accepted meaning. In addition, an in-depth study of revolutions was characterized by the introduction of new terminology into scientific circulation and the identification of new elements of the division of historical time and space within revolutions.

Cooperation of the USSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Belarusian SSR in the UN during the Perestroika Period

The article examines the main directions of activity and forms of interaction between the USSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Belarusian SSR in the UN and its specialized institutions during the years of perestroika (1985 - 1991). To disclose the topic, materials from the journal “International Affair” were used (reviews of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the foreign policy of the USSR, articles by the foreign ministers of the Union republics, primarily Ukraine and Belarus), book and journal publications of Union / Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian scientists, documents of the United Nations and foreign policy of the USSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Belarusian SSR. The author’s conscious emphasis on the union level reflects the real situation in relations between the Union Center and the republics in the Soviet federation during the perestroika period, when these relations rapidly evolved from the foreign policy dictate of the Center to greater autonomy of the republics in the international arena, which ultimately has led to the collapse of the USSR and the proclamation of independence all union republics. The article analyzes such issues as the new approach of the Soviet Union to the UN in the years of perestroika, the formation of new relations between the Union republics and the Center, diplomatic cooperation of Soviet delegations and representatives of socialist countries in the UN, Belarusian initiatives at the 45th session of the UN General Assembly (1990). During the years of perestroika, the Soviet leadership and the union Foreign Ministry did a tremendous job of clearing the rubble of the Cold War, developing broad international cooperation and integration the USSR into the world economy. The Belarusian and Ukrainian diplomatic services have made a significant contribution to this activity within the framework of the UN and its specialized agencies and have received much broader opportunities for realizing the national interests and needs of their peoples within the framework of radically renewed relations between the Union Center and the republics. The article is one of the first attempts in post-Soviet historiography to investigate the activities of the USSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the BSSR in the UN and its specialized institutions during the period of perestroika

THE EMPLOYMENT OF EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE “FORMER PEOPLE” IN THE SOVIET INSTITUTIONSOF THE TASSR –UZBEK SSR

This article, based on the involvement of archival sources and historical literature, shedding the light on experience and knowledge of former imperial officials in Soviet institutions of the TASSR -Uzbek SSR. Despite the fact of the "imperial past", the Soviet government for the first time attracted actively a loyal part of the old society to work in Soviet institutions, because it had been in dire need of highly qualified personnel until the moment when a new generation of Soviet employees would not be "educated" and "trained".Index Terms: archival sources, soviet historiography, Soviet Turkestan and Uzbekistan, "former people", the Soviet government, the employment of experience and knowledge, «specialists»

ON THE ERRONEOUS INTERPRETATION OF THE ORIGIN AND TIME OF THE APPEARANCE OF THE CATACOMB TYPE OF BURIAL IN THE BRONZE AGE IN CENTRAL ASIA

This article examines the origin of ancient catacomb-type graves, about its erroneous use at one time in relation to the graves of the Zamanbaba culture based on the historiography of Soviet archeology. At one time, V.A. Gorodtsov also mistakenly called the undercut graves catacomb, as evidenced by his graphic drawings. Our further studies of real catacomb graves on the territory of the Akhangaron Valley showed what a catacomb-type grave is, its internal structure and the time of its appearance in Central Asia. Unfortunately, Russian colleagues-archaeologists, without delving into the internal structure of catacomb-type graves, repeat the terminological errors of Soviet historiography, as evidenced by the candidate dissertation of Yu.G. Kutimova “The origin and ways of spreading the catacomb burial rite in Central Asia (based on the materials of the burial grounds of the Bronze Age) to which the authors' self-critical approach to determining the time of the appearance of the catacomb device of graves is devoted, also criticizes Russian colleagues in the interpretation and interpretation of archaeological sources of Central Asia in the Soviet conservatism historiography

ENTREPRENEURS OF THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION IN 1917 - EARLY 1918

On the basis of published and previously unexplored archival materials from Voronezh, Orel, Kursk, Tambov, Bryansk, the self-organization and relationship with the government of entrepreneurs of the Central Black Earth Region in the period from spring 1917 to summer 1918 is studied. Studying this social group is important for understanding the balance of power in the region. The author comes to the conclusion that entrepreneurs, despite their active participation in political life in the spring and summer of 1917, due to the preservation of traditional ideas about power and the desire to protect and enhance their rights, could not have a significant impact on the development of the political situation in the region. Entrepreneurs did not enjoy exclusive support from government bodies, including government, which refutes the concept that existed in Soviet historiography about the bourgeois nature of the February regime. Moreover, in resolving conflicts, the authorities in 1917 tried to take into account, first of all, the interests of workers. This situation worsened even more for the bourgeoisie with the coming to power of the Bolsheviks and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who not only supported workers' demands, but also openly robbed entrepreneurs with the help of indemnities. Nevertheless, in order to maintain peace, the Soviet government (especially by the summer of 1918) tried to resolve relations between workers and employers for mutual benefit. At the same time, during the period under study, conflicts between workers and employers reached a high intensity relatively rarely, leaving room for agreements and dialogue, which, however, narrowed.