Bilingual Education for Indigenous Peoples in Mexico

Author(s):  
Rainer Enrique Hamel
Author(s):  
Lígia Duque Platero

L’hégémonie et les programmes d’éducation autochtone au Mexique et au Brésil (1940-1970)Lígia Duque Platero Dans cet article, l’auteure présente des renseignements sur les programmes d’éducation autochtone des agences indigénistes du Brésil et du Mexique, entre 1940 et 1970, et elle propose également un survol de l’influence de ces programmes sur les processus de formation d’hégémonie des États au sens large, au sein des peuples amérindiens de ces pays durant la même période. Les écoles de l’Institut national indigéniste (INI), au Mexique, et surtout celles du Service de protection de l’Indien (SPI), au Brésil, ont mis l’accent sur l’enseignement de la langue nationale dans leurs programmes et elles ont exercé une influence sur la création de l’idée d’existence de la nationalité « métisse », visant le « développement » et l’« intégration » des peuples autochtones à la nation. Dans les deux pays, les missions religieuses ont participé à l’éducation autochtone, notamment le Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). Au Mexique, la participation des promoteurs culturels bilingues en tant qu’« intermédiaires culturels » entre les institutions indigénistes et les communautés s’est avérée un élément clé pour la formation de l’hégémonie. Au Brésil, les enseignants étaient « non autochtones » et leur influence fut moins importante.Mots clés : éducation autochtone, politique indigéniste, éducation bilingue, intégration indigénisme, hégémonie  Hegemony and Indigenous Education Programs in Mexico and Brazil (1940-1970)Lígia Duque Platero This article describes the education programs of indigenist agencies in Brazil and Mexico between 1940 and 1970. It provides an overview of the influence that these programs have had on the formation of State hegemonies, broadly considered, and their extension to Indigenous peoples during this period. The schools of the National Indigenist Institute (INI) in Mexico, and even more those of the Indian Protection Service (SPI) of Brazil, have put an emphasis on the teaching of the national language in their programs, and have contributed to the creation of the idea of « mestizo » national identity, while centering their mission on the « development » and « integration » of Indigenous peolples within the nation. In both countries, religious missions have played a role in Indigenous education, notably through the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). In Mexico, the participation of bilingual cultural promoters acting as « cultural intermediaries » between indigenist institutions and the communities has played a key role in the formation of State hegemony. In Brazil, teachers were non-indigenous, and their impact was less significative.Keywords: Indigenous Education, Indigenist policy, bilingual education, Indigenism Integration, hegemony  Hegemonía y programas de educación indígena en México y Brasil (1940-1970)Lígia Duque Platero En este artículo la autora presenta informaciones sobre los programas de educación indígena de las agencias de asuntos indígenas de Brasil y de México, entre 1940 y 1970. Para este mismo período, la autora da también una mirada a la influencia de dichos programas sobre la constitución de formas hegemónicas en los Estados, en un sentido amplio, y en el seno de los pueblos indígenas de dichos países. Los programas de las escuelas del Instituto Nacional Indigenista (INI), en México, y sobre todo las del Servicio de Protección a los Indios (SPI), en Brasil, pusieron el acento en la enseñanza de la lengua nacional e influyeron en la creación de la idea de la existencia de la nacionalidad “mestiza”, apuntando hacia el “desarrollo” y la “integración” de los pueblos indígenas a la nación. En ambos países las misiones religiosas han participado en la educación indígena, especialmente el Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (ILV). En México, la acción de los promotores culturales bilingües como “mediadores culturales” entre las instituciones de asuntos indígenas y las comunidades fue un elemento clave para la configuración de formas hegemónicas. En Brasil, los profesores eran “no indígenas” y su influencia fue menos importante.Palabras clave : educación indígena, política indigenista, educación bilingüe, integración indigenismo, hegemonía  Hegemonia e os programas de educação indígena no México e no Brasil (1940-1970)Lígia Duque Platero Nestas notas de pesquisa, apresentamos informações sobre os programas de educação indígena das agências indigenistas do Brasil e do México, entre 1940 e 1970, e realizamos uma breve discussão sobre a influência desses programas nos processos de formação de hegemonia dos Estados ampliados entre os povos indígenas desses países, no período citado. Nas escolas do Instituto Nacional Indigenista (INI), no México, e principalmente do Serviço de Proteção aos Índios (SPI), no Brasil, as escolas enfatizaram o ensino da língua nacional em seus currículos e influenciaram na criação da ideia da existência da nacionalidade “mestiça”, visando o “desenvolvimento” e a “integração” dos povos indígenas à nação. Em ambos os países, missões religiosas participaram da educação indígena e aqui destacamos a atuação do Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). No México, a participação dos promotores culturais bilíngues como “intermediários culturais” entre as instituições indigenistas e as comunidades resultou na grande importância da educação indígena para a formação da hegemonia. Já no caso do Brasil, os professores e professoras eram “não indígenas” e sua influencia foi mais restrita.Palavras-chave : Educação Indígena; Política indigenista; educação bilíngue; Indigenismo de Integração; Hegemonia 


Author(s):  
Tuija Veintie

<div>This article examines intercultural bilingual education (IBE) as a reterritorialization of a globalized Western model of formal education into the Ecuadorian indigenous context. This reterritorialization is explored through an IBE teacher education institute. First, the article discusses the instructional practices that attempt to break with Western ways of thinking and understanding knowledge. Secondly, the article examines the &ldquo;Monday morning assembly,&rdquo; a key event that exemplifies the negotiations between adopting and customizing Western ways in everyday practices. The study shows that the effects of coloniality remain strong despite the efforts towards social and cognitive justice. (This article is provided in English only.)</div><div><p>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</p><div>Este art&iacute;culo examina la educaci&oacute;n intercultural biling&uuml;e como reterritorializaci&oacute;n del modelo occidental globalizado para la educaci&oacute;n formal dentro del contexto de las comunidades ind&iacute;genas ecuatorianas. Esta reterritorializaci&oacute;n se explora en el art&iacute;culo a trav&eacute;s del estudio de dos casos del Instituto Educativo de Maestros EIB. El primer caso discute el intento de romper con las formas de pensamiento y conocimiento en la instrucci&oacute;n de las ciencias occidentales. En el segundo caso, el an&aacute;lisis de una de las juntas del d&iacute;a lunes da una clara muestra sobre las negociaciones que se llevan a cabo para la adopci&oacute;n de las costumbres occidentales en la rutina diaria de la comunidad educativa. El estudio muestra c&oacute;mo se mantienen los efectos de la colonizaci&oacute;n a pesar de los esfuerzos hechos para el logro de una justicia social y cognitiva. (Este art&iacute;culo se ofrece solamente en ingl&eacute;s.)</div><div><br /></div></div>


2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-75
Author(s):  
Steven J. Hirsch

Anarchists' pursuit of indigenous emancipation in Peru has been obfuscated and largely erased in Peruvian historiography. This is attributable in part to a concerted effort by Marxists and national populists (Apristas) to minimise anarchist influence and to arrogate to themselves the role of true defenders and revolutionary allies of Peru's indigenous peoples This article examines the way anarchists understood the nature of Peru's system of domination and the multifarious ways it oppressed, exploited, and marginalised indigenous peoples. They recognised the imperative to overcome urban-rural and coastal-sierra divisions to empower indigenous workers and peasants and to forge multi-ethnic alliances. In doing so, they fostered indigenous syndical organisations, encouraged the formation of indigenous intellectuals and activists, promoted bilingual education, and established study centres and rural schools. They defended indigenous and multi-ethnic communities' rights to land and resources and supported their demands for self-governance. That they were unsuccessful in achieving indigenous emancipation does not negate the important legacy of solidarity and struggle they bequeathed to Peru's current anarchist movement.


2008 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Francisca De la Maza

It is presented an argumentative theoretical and methodological discussion for the analysis of intercultural bilingual education programs (EIB) in Chile. It is proposed an approach that deepens into the implementation of national policies to local areas, highlighting the role assumed by the local government agent in its performance and in the construction of the state and, particularly in its relationship with the indigenous peoples. Based on the analysis of this program, it is deepened in the representations and social practices that are transmitted in respect to the indigenous otherness from the teachers’ speech.


Author(s):  
Dr. Gunther Dietz

El presente artículo muestra de forma precisa y sintética las principales evoluciones que ha tenido la educación intercultural en México, partiendo de sus orígenes que se remontan al indigenismo postrevolucionario, pasando por las reivindicaciones formuladas por movimientos y organizaciones indígenas y desembocando en la actual política gubernamental de “educación intercultural bilingüe”.AbstractThe following article presents and summarizes the main developments of intercultural education in Mexico, starting from its origins in post-revolutionary indigenismo politics, through presenting the main ethnic claims made by indigenous movements and organizations; ending with the analysis of the current policy of “intercultural and bilingual education” for indigenous peoples. Recibido: 20 de mayo de 2012Aceptado: 28 de junio de 2012


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