The Evolution of Culturally-Variable Sex Differences: Men and Women Are Not Always Different, but When They Are…It Appears Not to Result from Patriarchy or Sex Role Socialization

2014 ◽  
pp. 221-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Role Socialization ◽  
Sex Role Socialization

A Theory of Unmitigated Communion

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki S. Helgeson ◽  
Heidi L. Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Self ◽  
Unmitigated Communion ◽  
Role Socialization ◽  
Behavioral Features ◽  
Sex Role Socialization

Research has established that women suffer more often than men from depression. Sex role socialization has been offered as one explanation for this sex difference, but traditional measures of female gender-related traits are not related to depressive symptoms. We argue that thus far research has failed to distinguish the traditional measure of female gender-related traits, communion, from another set of gender-related traits, unmitigated communion. Unmitigated communion is a focus on and involvement with others to the exclusion of the self. Unmitigated communion, but not communion, is related to psychological distress, including depressive symptoms, and accounts for sex differences in distress. We examine the relation of unmitigated communion to communion as well as other personality constructs and then describe the cognitive and behavioral features of unmitigated communion. We note the implications of unmitigated communion for physical and psychological well-being and speculate on possible origins.

The Attitudes of Men and Women concerning Gender Differences in Grief

2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Versalle ◽  
Eugene E. McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Bem Sex Role Inventory ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Role Socialization ◽  
Sex Role Socialization ◽  
Female Target

Attitudes concerning gender and grief were investigated using a convenience sample of 106 men and women ages 23 to 82 years. Participants rated conjugal grief behaviors of target figures for sympathy and appropriateness on the Attitudes Toward Gender and Grief Scale, rated their own sex-role type on the Bem Sex Role Inventory, and provided demographic information and a brief grief history. Results from factor analysis of the Attitudes Toward Gender and Grief Scale showed evidence for the construct validity of the scale by yielding three factors: sympathy, appropriateness of instrumental grief, and appropriateness of intuitive grief. The hypothesis that factor analysis of the Attitudes Toward Gender and Grief Scale would show that vignettes describing gender-stereotypical grief behavior would load positively on factors for sympathy and appropriateness was not confirmed. However, the hypothesis that female participants would give more sympathy to grieving people than males was confirmed. Contrary to expectation, participants did not give female target figures more sympathy than male figures; women did not give the most sympathy to female target figures; and men did not give male target figures the least sympathy. As hypothesized, feminine sex-typed and androgynous participants gave more sympathy to grieving people than masculine sex-typed participants. Findings were discussed in terms of evolutionary, developmental, and sex-role socialization theories.

Sex Differences in Predictability of Self-Disclosure for Instrumental and Terminal Values

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 985-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Tobacyk
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
College Females ◽  
College Males ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Role Socialization ◽  
Rokeach Value Survey ◽  
Terminal Values ◽  
Sex Role Socialization ◽  
Instrumental Values

The Rokeach Value Survey (Rokeach, 1973) and the Jourard Self-disclosure Questionnaire (Jourard, 1971) were administered to 31 college males and 56 college females. As hypothesized, terminal values were significantly better predictors of reported self-disclosure than instrumental values for females, while instrumental values were better predictors of self-disclosure than terminal values for males. These findings were attributed to the more general ‘expressive vs instrumental orientation’ of sex-role socialization which is thought to underlie the distinction between terminal vs instrumental values.

Sex, Sex-Roles, and Irrational Beliefs

1987 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 631-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn Coleman ◽  
Lawrence H. Ganong
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Irrational Beliefs ◽  
Sex Roles ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Sex Role Orientation ◽  
Role Socialization ◽  
Sex Role Socialization

Irrational beliefs have been related to a variety of psychological distresses, some of which are thought of more in relation to one sex than the other, i.e., depression, nonassertiveness, anger. However, Ellis did not assert that there were sex differences in irrational beliefs, and few researchers have examined the effect of sex-role socialization on irrational beliefs. The present study explored the effect of sex and sex-roles on irrational beliefs for a sample of 270 college students using the Irrational Beliefs Test and Bern's scale. While the study supports the belief that sex and sex-role are not unidimensional constructs, the data suggest that differences in sex-role socialization contribute to differences in adherence to irrational beliefs. It appears, however, that a feminine sex-role orientation is related to irrational beliefs. Although study is needed, clinicians are cautioned not to assume there are no sex or sex-role differences related to irrational thinking.

Rotary Pursuit Performance as a Function of Sex, Sex-Role, and Intertrial Interval

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betsy L. Wisner ◽  
John P. Lombardo ◽  
John F. Catalano
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Intertrial Interval ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Distributed Practice ◽  
Massed Practice ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Rotary Pursuit ◽  
Practice Condition ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Better Than

Rotary pursuit performance (time on target) and reminiscence data were collected for 113 androgynous and feminine men and women under massed or distributed practice conditions. On the final (eighth) block of practice men performed better than women under conditions of massed practice; while no sex differences were found under distributed practice conditions. Under distributed practice conditions androgynous women performed better than feminine women. In addition, men performed better over-all than women, and subjects in the distributed practice condition performed better than subjects in the massed practice condition. Reminiscence data indicated that under massed practice feminine women obtained larger scores than did feminine men and androgynous women. For women sex-role as well as practice condition influenced performance and reminiscence.

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