Sex, Sex-Roles, and Irrational Beliefs

1987 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 631-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn Coleman ◽  
Lawrence H. Ganong
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Irrational Beliefs ◽  
Sex Roles ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Sex Role Orientation ◽  
Role Socialization ◽  
Sex Role Socialization

Irrational beliefs have been related to a variety of psychological distresses, some of which are thought of more in relation to one sex than the other, i.e., depression, nonassertiveness, anger. However, Ellis did not assert that there were sex differences in irrational beliefs, and few researchers have examined the effect of sex-role socialization on irrational beliefs. The present study explored the effect of sex and sex-roles on irrational beliefs for a sample of 270 college students using the Irrational Beliefs Test and Bern's scale. While the study supports the belief that sex and sex-role are not unidimensional constructs, the data suggest that differences in sex-role socialization contribute to differences in adherence to irrational beliefs. It appears, however, that a feminine sex-role orientation is related to irrational beliefs. Although study is needed, clinicians are cautioned not to assume there are no sex or sex-role differences related to irrational thinking.

Effects of Children on Parental Sex-Role Orientation

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAWRENCE H. GANONG ◽  
MARILYN COLEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Sex Role Orientation ◽  
Bem Sex Role Inventory ◽  
Role Socialization ◽  
Sex Role Socialization

The bidirectional approach to sex-role socialization provided the conceptual framework for determining if the sex-role self-concept of parents was affected more by the presence of sons than by the presence of daughters. The Bem Sex Role Inventory was administered to 153 parental dyads who had daughters only (n=41), sons only (n=41), or an equal number of both sons and daughters (n=71). Sex of child, especially sons, did appear to have an effect on parents' femininity. Fathers with sons have lower femininity scores than fathers with daughters only, and mothers with sons have higher femininity scores than mothers with daughters only.

Sex-Role Orientation and Smoking

1982 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Dicken
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Smoking Rate ◽  
Sex Role Orientation ◽  
Sample Median ◽  
Role Socialization ◽  
Masculinity And Femininity ◽  
Stop Smoking ◽  
Sex Role Socialization

Smoking behavior and sex-role orientation were investigated in two groups of women ( Ns, 487 and 376) and two of men ( Ns, 234 and 150). The hypotheses that persons with an androgynous orientation (high on both masculinity and femininity) would be less likely to smoke and better able to stop smoking were not confirmed. In the older female sample (median age 34 yr.), masculine orientation was associated with high rates of smoking and cessation, and feminine orientation with a low smoking rate. The data were discussed relative to women's smoking and difficulties in cessation, sex-role socialization and conflict, and the measurement of sex-role orientation.

A Theory of Unmitigated Communion

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki S. Helgeson ◽  
Heidi L. Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Self ◽  
Unmitigated Communion ◽  
Role Socialization ◽  
Behavioral Features ◽  
Sex Role Socialization

Research has established that women suffer more often than men from depression. Sex role socialization has been offered as one explanation for this sex difference, but traditional measures of female gender-related traits are not related to depressive symptoms. We argue that thus far research has failed to distinguish the traditional measure of female gender-related traits, communion, from another set of gender-related traits, unmitigated communion. Unmitigated communion is a focus on and involvement with others to the exclusion of the self. Unmitigated communion, but not communion, is related to psychological distress, including depressive symptoms, and accounts for sex differences in distress. We examine the relation of unmitigated communion to communion as well as other personality constructs and then describe the cognitive and behavioral features of unmitigated communion. We note the implications of unmitigated communion for physical and psychological well-being and speculate on possible origins.

Sex and Sex-Role Differences in Locus of Control

1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 188-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara L. Kuther
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Sex Role Orientation ◽  
Significant Relation

The relations among of sex, measures of sex-role orientation, and locus of control were examined with 240 undergraduates (150 women and 90 men). Although there were no sex differences on mean locus of control scores, a significant relation between scores on sex-role orientation and locus of control was observed for women but not for men.

Sex Differences in Predictability of Self-Disclosure for Instrumental and Terminal Values

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 985-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Tobacyk
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
College Females ◽  
College Males ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Role Socialization ◽  
Rokeach Value Survey ◽  
Terminal Values ◽  
Sex Role Socialization ◽  
Instrumental Values

The Rokeach Value Survey (Rokeach, 1973) and the Jourard Self-disclosure Questionnaire (Jourard, 1971) were administered to 31 college males and 56 college females. As hypothesized, terminal values were significantly better predictors of reported self-disclosure than instrumental values for females, while instrumental values were better predictors of self-disclosure than terminal values for males. These findings were attributed to the more general ‘expressive vs instrumental orientation’ of sex-role socialization which is thought to underlie the distinction between terminal vs instrumental values.

Gender and Sex-Role Differences in Young Adult Reactions towards “Newborns” in a Pretend Situation

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 727-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Demarest ◽  
Filitsa Glinos
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Semantic Differential Scale ◽  
Newborn Baby ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Sex Role Orientation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Baby Doll

104 college students were asked to fill out a questionnaire on sex-role orientation, act out a scene as a parent with a newborn baby (doll), rate their attitudes toward the baby using a semantic differential scale of 19 adjective pairs, and write an open-ended statement about the baby's future. Analysis indicated few differences in how men and women reacted to or described boy and girl babies and most of the variability in scores could be accounted for by interactions involving sex-role orientation. Sex-stereotyped women typically gave ratings similar to those given by androgynous women while sex-stereotyped men, when they differed from androgynous men, generally gave less positive ratings.

Sex-Role Orientation of College Students and Their Same-Sex Parents

1989 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 699-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy J. Karylowski ◽  
William Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Sex Role Orientation ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Role Orientations ◽  
Same Sex Parents

The study examined similarities and differences between sex-role orientations of college students and their same-sex parents. College undergraduates filled out the Bem Sex-role Inventory twice: once to describe themselves and the second time to describe their same-sex parents. The inventory was also used to obtain parental self-reports. Compared to their perceptions of their same-sex parents, male students described themselves as more feminine and female students described themselves as more masculine. Also, male students described their fathers as less feminine and female students described their mothers as both less masculine and less feminine than the parents described themselves. Students' femininity scores correlated significantly with the parental femininity scores both actual and perceived, however, no consistent relationship was found for the masculinity scores. Androgynous students and students with the reversed sex-role orientation perceived their parents as androgynous and reversed, respectively.

Field Independence as a Function of Sex, Sex-Roles, and the Sex-Role Appropriateness of the Task

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Balistreri ◽  
Nancy A. Busch-Rossnagel
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Sex Roles ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Sex Role Orientation ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Embedded Figures

Two experiments were conducted to explain the sex difference in field independence by reference to socialization factors. It was hypothesized that the sex-role appropriateness of the task as masculine- or feminine-typed would influence the performance of masculine and feminine women in a manner congruent with their sex-role orientation. 28 pilot subjects and 100 subjects in Study 2 were equally divided between the sexes. Both studies used the Bern Sex-role Inventory, but different versions of the Embedded Figures Test. The over-all results suggested that feminine women varied their performance according to task appropriateness, although not always in a manner congruent with their sex-role orientation. Androgynous individuals and masculine men did not alter their performance.

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