Gospodarka elektroniczna - formy elektronicznego biznesu

2001 ◽  
pp. 31-33
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Januszewski
Keyword(s):  
Business To Consumer ◽  
Business To Business

Obecnie Internet, obok zastosowań edukacyjnych i domowych, stał się narzędziem do prowadzenia biznesu. Coraz większą popularność zdobywają takie pojęcia, jak gospodarka informacyjna i elektroniczna, elektroniczne rynki, elektroniczny biznes i elektroniczny handel. W artykule omówiono te pojęcia. Przedstawiono formy e-biznesu: B2C 9 (business to consumer), B2B (business to business), C2B (consumer to business), C2C (consumer to consumer).

scholarly journals Car Sharing as a Strategy to Address GHG Emissions in the Transport System: Evaluation of Effects of Car Sharing in Amsterdam

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2418
Author(s):  
Ana María Arbeláez Vélez ◽  
Andrius Plepys
Keyword(s):  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Car Ownership ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Car Sharing ◽  
Shared Mobility ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Business To Consumer ◽  
The City ◽  
Carbon Transport

Shared mobility options, such as car sharing, are often claimed to be more sustainable, although evidence at an individual or city level may contradict these claims. This study aims to improve understanding of the effects of car sharing on transport-related emissions at an individual and city level. This is done by quantifying the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the travel habits of individuals before and after engaging with car sharing. The analysis uses a well-to-wheel (WTW) approach, including both business-to-consumer (B2C) and peer-to-peer (P2P) car-sharing fleets. Changes in GHG emissions after engaging in car sharing vary among individuals. Transport-related GHG emissions caused by car-free individuals tend to increase after they engage in car sharing, while emissions caused by previous car owners tend to fall. At the city level, GHG emissions savings can be achieved by using more efficient cars in sharing systems and by implementing greener mobility policies. Changes in travel habits might help to reduce GHG emissions, providing individuals migrate to low-carbon transport modes. The findings can be used to support the development and implementation of transport policies that deter car ownership and support shared mobility solutions that are integrated in city transport systems.

scholarly journals A Metro-Based System as Sustainable Alternative for Urban Logistics in the Era of E-Commerce

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4479
Author(s):  
Rafael Villa ◽  
Andrés Monzón
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Load Optimization ◽  
Big City ◽  
Train Services ◽  
Delivery Services ◽  
Business To Consumer ◽  
Alternative Scenarios

Business to consumer e-commerce (B2C) has increased sharply in recent years driven by a growing online population and changes in consumer behavior. In metropolitan areas, the “Amazon effect” (online retailers’ vast selection, fast shipping, free returns, and low prices) has led to an increased use of light goods vehicles. This is affecting the rational functioning of the transport system, including a high degree of fragmentation, low load optimization, and, among other externalities, higher traffic congestion. This paper investigates the potential of a metro system, in a big city like Madrid, to provide delivery services by leveraging its existing carrying capacity and using the metro stations to collect parcels in lockers. It would be a new mixed distribution model for last-mile deliveries associated with e-commerce. To that end, the paper evaluates the cost and impacts of two alternative scenarios for managing the unused space in rolling stock (shared trains) or specific full train services (dedicated trains) on existing lines. The external costs of the proposed scenarios are compared with current e-commerce delivery scenario (parcel delivery by road). The results show that underground transport of parcels could significantly reduce congestion costs, accidents, noise, GHG emissions, and air pollution.

Behind the Web Store: The Organisational and Spatial Evolution of Multichannel Retailing in Toronto

10.1068/a3562 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1411-1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Currah
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Economic Geography ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Commodity Chain ◽  
Multichannel Retailing ◽  
Business To Consumer ◽  
Economic Landscape ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Web

In this paper I address two issues of general relevance to contemporary debates in economic geography: first, the organisational and spatial implications of new information technologies for the economic landscape; and, second, the enduring role of place to digital capitalism. Specifically, I examine the organisational evolution of multichannel retailing in Toronto from a geographical perspective. Bricks-and-mortar retailers are increasingly pursuing a multichannel strategy by operating an Internet-based web store alongside the existing network of physical retail outlets. I therefore evaluate the organisational implications of the adoption of business-to-consumer e-commerce (e-tailing) technology for six Canadian bricks-and-mortar retailers based in Toronto and assess how the associated changes in business structure have been inscribed upon the urban landscape. The argument is developed in three sections. First, I discuss how the formula for competitive advantage in the new (r)etail markets of the developed world has shifted from a pure play to a multichannel organisational paradigm. Second, I provide a background to the development of Canadian e-commerce and an overview of the empirical methodologies employed during the research. Third, the focus of the paper moves ‘behind the web store’ to spatialise the physical places that constitute the fulfilment infrastructure of e-tailing as sequentially linked stages in Internet commodity chains. I evaluate the impact of the Internet commodity chain upon the geographical organisation of each retailer, and, in particular, consider whether the unique logistical requirements of e-tailing have stimulated spatial processes of disintermediation and reintermediation. It is argued that, when read through the lens of Toronto, e-tailing has incurred limited organisational disruption and is characterised by a distinctive geography of integration between online and offline retailing services within the urban space of the city. I conclude the paper by contextualising the findings within themes for conceptual debate in economic geography.

Revisiting the role of web assurance seals in business-to-consumer electronic commerce

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 1000-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan J. Kim ◽  
Charles Steinfield ◽  
Ying-Ju Lai
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Consumer Electronic ◽  
Business To Consumer

scholarly journals Assessment of a Business-to-Consumer (B2C) model for Telemonitoring patients with Chronic Heart Failure (CHF)

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrija S. Grustam ◽  
Hubertus J. M. Vrijhoef ◽  
Ron Koymans ◽  
Philipp Hukal ◽  
Johan L. Severens
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Chronic Heart Failure ◽  
Business To Consumer

scholarly journals Life-Cycle Break-Even Analysis of Electric Carsharing: A Comparative Study in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 6584
Author(s):  
Jingjing Jia ◽  
Shujie Ma ◽  
Yixi Xue ◽  
Deyang Kong
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Business To Consumer ◽  
Influential Variable

Electric carsharing (ECS) is a potential option to address the problem of unsustainability in the transportation sector. The business-to-consumer model of ECS, which is one of several different electric carsharing models, has gained much popularity in recent years. Generating sufficient revenue to cover costs is a critical factor for ECS companies to maintain healthy development. This study makes an economic analysis, on the basis of life-cycle cost and monetary revenue associated with the operation of ECS, of two Chinese ECS companies: EVCARD and LCCS. Based on data gathered by field investigation, this study aims to determine the break-even moment for each company’s main vehicle models by means of the net present value method. The results show that EVCARD achieved an earlier break-even moment than LCCS. The break-even moment of Chery eQ of EVCARD was the shortest of all the vehicle models, at only 181.3 min. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to portray how different cost-related and revenue-related factors influence the break-even moment. Our findings indicate that a wide difference exists in terms of the influence of different factors on the break-even moment. Among these, the manufacturer’s suggested retail price is the most influential variable, followed by the unit rental price. The reaction of the break-even moment to the market price of a charging pile and the non-rental revenue per vehicle—especially the latter—was found to be negligible in the sensitivity analysis.

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