Regulated tRNA Cleavage in Biology and Medicine: Roles of tRNA Modifications

2016 ◽  
pp. 27-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn M. Lyons ◽  
Marta M. Fay ◽  
Pavel Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Trna Modifications

METTL1/WDR4 mediated m7G tRNA modifications and m7G codon usage promote mRNA translation and lung cancer progression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieyi Ma ◽  
Hui Han ◽  
Ying Huang ◽  
Chunlong Yang ◽  
Siyi Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Codon Usage ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Trna Modifications

scholarly journals Reprogramming of tRNA modifications controls the oxidative stress response by codon-biased translation of proteins

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clement T.Y. Chan ◽  
Yan Ling Joy Pang ◽  
Wenjun Deng ◽  
I. Ramesh Babu ◽  
Madhu Dyavaiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Oxidative Stress Response ◽  
Trna Modifications

scholarly journals Making Sense of “Nonsense” and More: Challenges and Opportunities in the Genetic Code Expansion, in the World of tRNA Modifications

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 938
Author(s):  
Olubodun Michael Lateef ◽  
Michael Olawale Akintubosun ◽  
Olamide Tosin Olaoba ◽  
Sunday Ocholi Samson ◽  
Malgorzata Adamczyk
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
Protein Design ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Trna Modifications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Code Extension ◽  
Genetic Code Expansion

The evolutional development of the RNA translation process that leads to protein synthesis based on naturally occurring amino acids has its continuation via synthetic biology, the so-called rational bioengineering. Genetic code expansion (GCE) explores beyond the natural translational processes to further enhance the structural properties and augment the functionality of a wide range of proteins. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomal machinery have been proven to accept engineered tRNAs from orthogonal organisms to efficiently incorporate noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) with rationally designed side chains. These side chains can be reactive or functional groups, which can be extensively utilized in biochemical, biophysical, and cellular studies. Genetic code extension offers the contingency of introducing more than one ncAA into protein through frameshift suppression, multi-site-specific incorporation of ncAAs, thereby increasing the vast number of possible applications. However, different mediating factors reduce the yield and efficiency of ncAA incorporation into synthetic proteins. In this review, we comment on the recent advancements in genetic code expansion to signify the relevance of systems biology in improving ncAA incorporation efficiency. We discuss the emerging impact of tRNA modifications and metabolism in protein design. We also provide examples of the latest successful accomplishments in synthetic protein therapeutics and show how codon expansion has been employed in various scientific and biotechnological applications.

Dynamic Regulation of tRNA Modifications in Cancer

2018 ◽  
pp. 163-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Close ◽  
Debojit Bose ◽  
Alain Chariot ◽  
Sebastian A. Leidel
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Regulation ◽  
Trna Modifications

scholarly journals A 2′-O-Methyltransferase Responsible for Transfer RNA Anticodon Modification Is Pivotal for Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 in Arabidopsis

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1323-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Ramírez ◽  
Beatriz González ◽  
Ana López ◽  
Maria Jose Castelló ◽  
Maria José Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Transfer Rna ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Trna Modifications ◽  
Trna Species ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
And Function

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the most highly modified class of RNA species in all living organisms. Recent discoveries have revealed unprecedented complexity in the tRNA chemical structures, modification patterns, regulation, and function, suggesting that each modified nucleoside in tRNA may have its own specific function. However, in plants, our knowledge of the role of individual tRNA modifications and how they are regulated is very limited. In a genetic screen designed to identify factors regulating disease resistance in Arabidopsis, we identified SUPPRESSOR OF CSB3 9 (SCS9). Our results reveal SCS9 encodes a tRNA methyltransferase that mediates the 2′-O-ribose methylation of selected tRNA species in the anticodon loop. These SCS9-mediated tRNA modifications enhance susceptibility during infection with the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000. Lack of such tRNA modification, as observed in scs9 mutants, specifically dampens plant resistance against DC3000 without compromising the activation of the salicylic acid signaling pathway or the resistance to other biotrophic pathogens. Our results support a model that gives importance to the control of certain tRNA modifications for mounting an effective disease resistance in Arabidopsis toward DC3000 and, therefore, expands the repertoire of molecular components essential for an efficient disease resistance response.

scholarly journals Probing the diversity and regulation of tRNA modifications

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Kimura ◽  
Veerasak Srisuknimit ◽  
Matthew K Waldor
Keyword(s):  
Trna Modifications

Energetic Tuning by tRNA Modifications Ensures Correct Decoding of Isoleucine and Methionine on the Ribosome

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (33) ◽  
pp. 10271-10275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyadarshi Satpati ◽  
Paul Bauer ◽  
Johan Åqvist
Keyword(s):  
Trna Modifications

scholarly journals Highly Predictive Reprogramming of tRNA Modifications Is Linked to Selective Expression of Codon-Biased Genes

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 978-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clement T. Y. Chan ◽  
Wenjun Deng ◽  
Fugen Li ◽  
Michael S. DeMott ◽  
I. Ramesh Babu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trna Modifications ◽  
Selective Expression

scholarly journals Bridging the Gap between tRNA Modifications and the Respiratory Chain

Biochemistry ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (18) ◽  
pp. 2565-2566
Author(s):  
Rebecca E. Steiner ◽  
Michael Ibba
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Chain ◽  
Trna Modifications

scholarly journals Roles of Elongator Dependent tRNA Modification Pathways in Neurodegeneration and Cancer

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harmen Hawer ◽  
Alexander Hammermeister ◽  
Keerthiraju Ravichandran ◽  
Sebastian Glatt ◽  
Raffael Schaffrath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Trna Modification ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Trna Modifications

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is subject to a multitude of posttranscriptional modifications which can profoundly impact its functionality as the essential adaptor molecule in messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. Therefore, dynamic regulation of tRNA modification in response to environmental changes can tune the efficiency of gene expression in concert with the emerging epitranscriptomic mRNA regulators. Several of the tRNA modifications are required to prevent human diseases and are particularly important for proper development and generation of neurons. In addition to the positive role of different tRNA modifications in prevention of neurodegeneration, certain cancer types upregulate tRNA modification genes to sustain cancer cell gene expression and metastasis. Multiple associations of defects in genes encoding subunits of the tRNA modifier complex Elongator with human disease highlight the importance of proper anticodon wobble uridine modifications (xm5U34) for health. Elongator functionality requires communication with accessory proteins and dynamic phosphorylation, providing regulatory control of its function. Here, we summarized recent insights into molecular functions of the complex and the role of Elongator dependent tRNA modification in human disease.

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