In the context of image classification, bag-of-visual-words mode is widely used for image representation. In recent years several works have aimed at exploiting color or spatial information to improve the representation. In this paper two kinds of representation vectors, namely, Global Color Co-occurrence Vector (GCCV) and Local Color Co-occurrence Vector (LCCV), are proposed. Both of them make use of the color and co-occurrence information of the superpixels in an image. GCCV describes the global statistical distribution of the colorful superpixels with embedding the spatial information between them. By this way, it is capable of capturing the color and structure information in large scale. Unlike the GCCV, LCCV, which is embedded in the Riemannian manifold space, reflects the color information within the superpixels in detail. It records the higher-order distribution of the color between the superpixels within a neighborhood by aggregating the co-occurrence information in the second-order pooling way. In the experiment, we incorporate the two proposed representation vectors with feature vector like LLC or CNN by Multiple Kernel Learning (MKL) technology. Several challenging datasets for visual classification are tested on the novel framework, and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Recognizing Handwritten Characters with Local Descriptors and Bags of Visual Words
