Formal Models of Intervention: A Stocktaking and Analysis of the Implications for Policy

2007 ◽  
pp. 45-68
Author(s):  
David Carment ◽  
Dane Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Formal Models

The Multiple Faces of Risk-Taking

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Schmitz ◽  
Karsten Manske ◽  
Franzis Preckel ◽  
Oliver Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Nomological Network ◽  
Balloon Analogue Risk Task ◽  
Parameter Recovery ◽  
Task Specificity ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Criterion Variables

Abstract. The Balloon-Analogue Risk Task (BART; Lejuez et al., 2002 ) is one of the most popular behavioral tasks suggested to assess risk-taking in the laboratory. Previous research has shown that the conventionally computed score is predictive, but neglects available information in the data. We suggest a number of alternative scores that are motivated by theories of risk-taking and that exploit more of the available data. These scores can be grouped around (1) risk-taking, (2) task performance, (3) impulsive decision making, and (4) reinforcement sequence modulation. Their theoretical rationale is detailed and their validity is tested within the nomological network of risk-taking, deviance, and scholastic achievement. Two multivariate studies were conducted with youths (n = 435) and with adolescents/young adults (n = 316). Additionally, we tested formal models suggested for the BART that decompose observed behavior into a set of meaningful parameters. A simulation study with parameter recovery was conducted, and the data from the two studies were reanalyzed using the models. Most scores were reliable and differentially predictive of criterion variables and may be used in basic research. However, task specificity and the generally moderate validity do not warrant use of the experimental paradigm for diagnostic purposes.

Constructing and Deconstructing Concepts

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 249-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Doan ◽  
Ronaldo Vigo
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Unsupervised Classification ◽  
Family Resemblance ◽  
Category Membership ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Relational Patterns ◽  
Optimal Classification

Abstract. Several empirical investigations have explored whether observers prefer to sort sets of multidimensional stimuli into groups by employing one-dimensional or family-resemblance strategies. Although one-dimensional sorting strategies have been the prevalent finding for these unsupervised classification paradigms, several researchers have provided evidence that the choice of strategy may depend on the particular demands of the task. To account for this disparity, we propose that observers extract relational patterns from stimulus sets that facilitate the development of optimal classification strategies for relegating category membership. We conducted a novel constrained categorization experiment to empirically test this hypothesis by instructing participants to either add or remove objects from presented categorical stimuli. We employed generalized representational information theory (GRIT; Vigo, 2011b , 2013a , 2014 ) and its associated formal models to predict and explain how human beings chose to modify these categorical stimuli. Additionally, we compared model performance to predictions made by a leading prototypicality measure in the literature.

Influential individuals: Approach to modeling

2018 ◽  
pp. 114-131
Author(s):  
O. Yu. Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
Leader Influence ◽  
Learning Game ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Asymmetric Interactions ◽  
Influential Individuals

his article explores theoretical and experimental approach to modeling social interactions. Communication and exchange of information with other people affect individual’s behavior in numerous areas. Generally, such influence is exerted by leaders, outstanding individuals who have a higher social status or expert knowledge. Social interactions are analyzed in the models of social learning, game theoretic models, conformity models, etc. However, there is a lack of formal models of asymmetric interactions. Such models could help elicit certain qualities characterizing higher social status and perception of status by other individuals, find the presence of leader influence and analyze its mechanism.

Dynamic Control and Formal Models of Multi-Agent Interactions and Behaviors

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Coble ◽  
Larry Roszman ◽  
Tiffany Frazier
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
Agent Interactions ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
And Behaviors

NETWORK MODELS AS A SOLUTION FOR COMPLEX TECHNICAL PRODUCT`S DIAGNOSING PROBLEMS SOLVING

2019 ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
S. Yu. Strakhov ◽  
A. A. Karasev
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Functional Testing ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
Mathematical Apparatus ◽  
Complex Technical Systems ◽  
Technical Systems ◽  
Formalized Description ◽  
Diagnostic Software

Authors explore issue of applicability of the methodology of building diagnostic software using network formal models in the functional testing of electronic equipment as part of complex technical systems. Using methods of system analysis allows to perform a decomposition of interdependent subsystems and to reveal basic acts of interaction between the control‑verification equipment and the object of diagnosis. Mathematical apparatus of Petri nets should be employed for the formalized description of such acts and determined the cause‑and‑effect relations in the diagnosed complex system`s processes. Network models properties studying (such as safety and accomplishment of the final positions) allows us to move to the test object`s algorithm`s developing. The article presents an approach of a formalized description for basic acts of interaction between the diagnosis system and the object.

Vagueness and the World

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
Logical Space ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

According to a fairly widespread assumption, there is some definite collection of completely factual or fundamental propositions upon which all truths supervene and which are unaffected by vagueness. This assumption manifests itself in formal models of vagueness as well—for example, the supervaluationist who represents propositions as sets of world-precisification pairs may divide logical space into propositions that only depend on the world-coordinate. This chapter argues that this assumption leads to paradoxes of higher-order vagueness, and, ultimately, should be rejected in favour of a weaker notion of fundamentality or factuality. It suggests an alternative picture in which there is vagueness ‘all the way down’: logical-space can be divided into basic propositions that settle all precise matters, but it is vague where those divisions lie.

On formal models for object-oriented databases

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gottfried Vossen
Keyword(s):  
Object Oriented ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
Object Oriented Databases
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