Improvement of the Performance of QEA Using the History of Search Process and Backbone Structure of Landscape

2011 ◽  
pp. 389-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Tayarani N. ◽  
M. Beheshti ◽  
J. Sabet ◽  
M. Mobasher ◽  
H. Joneid
Keyword(s):  
Search Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Backbone Structure

scholarly journals The Language of Dyspnoea: A Systematic Review

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashleigh Garrard ◽  
Marie Williams
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Affective Domain ◽  
Search Process ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Methodological Approaches

Dyspnoea is an uncomfortable conscious awareness of breathing. Since the late 1980s, studies on the language used to describe the sensation of breathlessness have emerged in order to understand mechanisms and differences between chronic diseases. This systematic review aimed to consider primary studies of the language of breathlessness in order to describe the evolution of this field, methodological approaches, key findings and, identify areas which require further investigation. A systematic search process was used to identify thirty-five primary studies. This field of study has evolved rapidly over the past eighteen years. Descriptions of the sensation of breathlessness have been acquired by subjects either selecting a descriptor statement from a pre-existing list (endorsed) or describing the sensation in their own words (volunteered). Three common inventories have been used by the majority of studies to obtain qualitative descriptors of breathlessness. Studies have generally focused upon on physical descriptors of the sensation, though the need for similar studies in the affective domain has been acknowledged. Clear associations between descriptions of breathlessness and medical conditions have been reported, though consistency between studies is equivocal. Further investigations are required to confirm the consistency of the language of breathlessness within people with the same medical conditions, reliability between occasions of assessment (subject in the same state of breathlessness), consistency between recalled descriptions and reality of the experience, changes in the qualitative sensation of breathless over the natural history of chronic diseases, impact of interventions of the sensation of breathlessness, and differences between adults and children.

The Social Origins and Provenance of the English Bishops during the Reign of Edward II

1959 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 51-79
Author(s):  
K. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Early Career ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Edward Ii ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
History Of

During the last twenty or twenty-five years medieval historians have been much interested in the composition of the English episcopate. A number of studies of it have been published on periods ranging from the eleventh to the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A further paper might well seem superfluous. My reason for offering one is that most previous writers have concentrated on analysing the professional circles from which the bishops were drawn, and suggesting the influences which their early careers as royal clerks, university masters and students, secular or regular clergy, may have had on their later work as bishops. They have shown comparatively little interest in their social background and provenance, except for those bishops who belonged to magnate families. Some years ago, when working on the political activities of Edward II's bishops, it seemed to me that social origins, family connexions and provenance might in a number of cases have had at least as much influence on a bishop's attitude to politics as his early career. I there fore collected information about the origins and provenance of these bishops. I now think that a rather more careful and complete study of this subject might throw further light not only on the political history of the reign, but on other problems connected with the character and work of the English episcopate. There is a general impression that in England in the later middle ages the bishops' ties with their dioceses were becoming less close, and that they were normally spending less time in diocesan work than their predecessors in the thirteenth century.

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