Stability of Correct Reasoning

1978 ◽  
pp. 131-132
Author(s):  
T. Poston
Keyword(s):  
Correct Reasoning

Logik-Skript 1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Brendel
Keyword(s):  
Rational Thinking ◽  
Formal Concepts ◽  
Correct Reasoning ◽  
Oriented Approach

Logic is the teaching of correct reasoning, describing its general laws as the basis of rational thinking. This book supplies the rudiments of the semantics and syntax of classical elementary logic while simultaneously reflecting its limitations. It explains formal concepts of truth and develops a calculus for logically valid reasoning. By means of numerous examples and many exercises, the readers learn to independently induce logical proof and to recognize logically valid arguments, to solve logically tricky puzzles and to avoid logical mistakes. The book is particularly appropriate as a textbook for a one-semester course in the introduction to logic. It is aimed at freshmen and at all those who are looking for a formally precise yet application-oriented approach to logic.

Correct reasoning

2020 ◽  
pp. 141-188
Author(s):  
Andreas Müller
Keyword(s):  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
Correct Reasoning

According to the account of practical reasons presented in Chapter 4, those reasons are ultimately grounded in the soundness of certain episodes of practical reasoning. This chapter addresses what it is for an episode of practical reasoning to be correct, which is a necessary condition for their soundness. It first shows that, at least when it is applied to reasoning, the notion of correctness need not itself be understood in terms of reasons, which would render the constructivist’s overall view circular. Then, it presents an account that characterizes correct reasoning as reasoning in compliance with the constitutive rules of that activity. It also discusses how those rules can be determined, and what the constructivist should say about their ontological status.

Second-order logic, philosophical issues in

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Practice ◽  
Expressive Power ◽  
Deductive System ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Logic ◽  
Mathematical Structures ◽  
First Order ◽  
Correct Reasoning ◽  
Second Order Logic

Typically, a formal language has variables that range over a collection of objects, or domain of discourse. A language is ‘second-order’ if it has, in addition, variables that range over sets, functions, properties or relations on the domain of discourse. A language is third-order if it has variables ranging over sets of sets, or functions on relations, and so on. A language is higher-order if it is at least second-order. Second-order languages enjoy a greater expressive power than first-order languages. For example, a set S of sentences is said to be categorical if any two models satisfying S are isomorphic, that is, have the same structure. There are second-order, categorical characterizations of important mathematical structures, including the natural numbers, the real numbers and Euclidean space. It is a consequence of the Löwenheim–Skolem theorems that there is no first-order categorical characterization of any infinite structure. There are also a number of central mathematical notions, such as finitude, countability, minimal closure and well-foundedness, which can be characterized with formulas of second-order languages, but cannot be characterized in first-order languages. Some philosophers argue that second-order logic is not logic. Properties and relations are too obscure for rigorous foundational study, while sets and functions are in the purview of mathematics, not logic; logic should not have an ontology of its own. Other writers disqualify second-order logic because its consequence relation is not effective – there is no recursively enumerable, sound and complete deductive system for second-order logic. The deeper issues underlying the dispute concern the goals and purposes of logical theory. If a logic is to be a calculus, an effective canon of inference, then second-order logic is beyond the pale. If, on the other hand, one aims to codify a standard to which correct reasoning must adhere, and to characterize the descriptive and communicative abilities of informal mathematical practice, then perhaps there is room for second-order logic.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF TYPICAL LITHUANIAN FEATURES IN THE CONTEXT OF ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Ligita Šimanskiene
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Typical Characteristic ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Correct Reasoning ◽  
Cultural Features

The work reviews the influence of cross‐cultural features in management in the context of globalization. The work analyses the particular characteristics of a national stereotype of a Lithuanian based on the survey of other authors. Several hypotheses have been suggested based on SPSS programmer during the survey. The research has corroborated that the correct reasoning of typical characteristic features of a Lithuanian depends on age, position, sex, while the hypothesis 4, asserting that the correct reasoning of typical characteristic features of a Lithuanian depends on education, hasn't been corroborated according to statistics and the variety of answers was due to different personal characteristics of respondents. Also the work analyses future forecasts for Lithuania in the European Union.

scholarly journals Isolating Correct Reasoning

Reasoning ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 129-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Worsnip
Keyword(s):  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Positive Account ◽  
Deductive Logic ◽  
Correct Reasoning

This chapter tries to do three things. First, it argues that rules of correct reasoning do not always preserve justification: if you begin with a justified attitude, and reason correctly from it, it can nevertheless happen that you’ll arrive at an unjustified attitude. Second, it argues that rules of correct reasoning do not even correspond to permissions of “structural rationality”: it is not always structurally permissible to base an attitude on other attitudes from which it follows by correct reasoning. Third, from these observations it tries to build a somewhat positive account of correct reasoning as a more sui generis notion irreducible to either justification or structural rationality. This account vindicates an important unity of theoretical and practical reasoning as well as a qualified version of the thesis that deductive logic supplies rules of correct reasoning.

scholarly journals KERANCUAN KALIMAT DALAM TULISAN SISWA SMA 1 SIJUNJUNG

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Kartika Sari
Keyword(s):  
Language Skills ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Writing Skill ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Correct Reasoning

Writing skill involves all language skills that should be learned theoretically.It involves correct reasoning. Some people think that writing is the mostdifficult language skills. Difficulties that are often experienced by students inessay writing are how to manage a good sentence understandable by readers.Preparing a good sentence is not just constructing sentences, but to producea series of sentences that are regular and related to one another. The problemin this research is how the sentence ambiguity in students’ writings of SMA1 sijunjung. This study aims at describing the use of words in Indonesiansentences by the students of SMA 1 Sijunjung. This research uses descriptivemethod with the data sources derived from student’s writings of the school.This study found sentence ambiguity and inappropriate use of conjunctionsin their writing. The sentence ambiguity was due to the unnecessary use ofwords, the absence of the subject, and the inappropriate uses of the word. AbstrakMenulis melibatkan seluruh kemampuan berbahasa yang dipelajari secarateoretis dan melibatkan nalar yang benar. Beberapa orang beranggapan bahwamenulis termasuk keterampilan berbahasa yang paling sulit. Kesulitan yangsering dialami siswa dalam menulis karangan adalah penyusunan kalimat yangbaik agar bisa dipahami oleh pembaca. Penyusunan kalimat yang baik tidakhanya menyusun satu kalimat atau beberapa kalimat yang tidak berhubungan,tetapi menghasilkan rangkaian kalimat yang beraturan dan berhubungan satudengan yang lain. Masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakah kerancuankalimat dalam tulisan siswa SMA 1 Sijunjung? Penelitian ini menggunakanmetode deskriptif dengan sumber data berupa tulisan siswa SMA 1Sijunjung. Kalimat yang rancu dan ketidaktepatan penggunaan konjungtorditemukan dalam tulisan siswa SMA 1 Sijunjung. Kalimat rancu disebabkanoleh kehadiran kata yang tidak diperlukan, ketidakhadiran subjek, dan ketidaktepatanpenggunaan kata.

The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Mathematics ◽  
Philosophy Of Logic ◽  
Scholarly Work ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Philosophical System ◽  
A Priority ◽  
Correct Reasoning

The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Math and Logic is a reference about the philosophy of mathematics and the philosophy of logic. Mathematics and logic have been central topics of concern since the dawn of philosophy. Since logic is the study of correct reasoning, it is a fundamental branch of epistemology and a priority in any philosophical system. Philosophers have focused on mathematics as a case study for general philosophical issues and for its role in overall knowledge-gathering. Today, philosophy of mathematics and logic remain central disciplines in contemporary philosophy, as evidenced by the regular appearance of articles on these topics in the best mainstream philosophical journals; in fact, the last decade has seen an explosion of scholarly work in these areas. This volume covers these disciplines, giving the reader an overview of the major problems, positions, and battle lines. The twenty-six articles are by established experts in the field, and these articles contain both exposition and criticism as well as substantial development of their own positions.

Ethical Constructivism

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Bagnoli
Keyword(s):  
Practical Reason ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Rational Agency ◽  
Dynamic Dimension ◽  
Correct Reasoning ◽  
Constitutive Principles

Ethical constructivism holds that truths about the relation between rationality, morality, and agency are best understood as constructed by correct reasoning, rather than discovered or invented. Unlike other metaphors used in metaethics, construction brings to light the generative and dynamic dimension of practical reason. On the resultant picture, practical reasoning is not only productive but also self-transforming, and socially empowering. The main task of this volume is to illustrate how constructivism has substantially modified and expanded the agenda of metaethics by refocusing on rational agency and its constitutive principles. In particular, this volume identifies, compares and discusses the prospects and failures of the main strands of constructivism regarding the powers of reason in responding to the challenges of contingency. While Kantian, Humean, Aristotelian, and Hegelian theories sharply differ in their constructivist strategies, they provide compelling accounts of the rational articulation required for an inclusive and unified ethical community.

Foundations for the Logic of Questions and Commands

2014 ◽  
pp. 259-277
Author(s):  
Roderic A. Girle ◽  
Jonathan McKeown-Green
Keyword(s):  
Ordinary Language ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Logic Of Questions ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
Procedural Programming ◽  
Correct Reasoning

Recent interest in logics for questions and commands has been prompted partly by a recognition that reasoned argument often involves moves that are not truth-evaluable, and partly by the use of questions and commands in most procedural programming. The authors argue that certain methodological issues must be addressed before we can agree on the purpose and nature of logics for questions and commands. They deny that formulas in such logics should correspond to sentences in ordinary language. They consider how formulas should be interpreted, focusing especially on questions. The authors argue that logics designed to capture the conditions for correct reasoning involving questions require a semantics that treats question-answer pairs as values. This emphasis brings to the fore issues about questions in premise-conclusion arguments. In both premise-conclusion and dialogical argumentation, the authors argue that logic should aim to capture moves in reasoning, not facts about sentences.

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