Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pemilik Kartu Elektronik dalam Transaksi E-Commerceputu

Electronic contracts are one of the new forms of contracts that get special protection in Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. In general, electronic contracts are very different from ordinary (conventional) forms of contract, therefore it will be very difficult to directly apply the conditions for the occurrence of conventional contracts to this electronic contract (online contract). The purposes of this study are to reveal the validity of electronic contracts in credit card agreements and legal protection for credit card owners in e-commerce transactions. This research was conducted using normative legal research by applying a statutory approach. The technique of collecting legal materials is carried out by taking inventory of laws and regulations and recording techniques. This study uses primary and secondary legal materials which are then processed using deductive logic with analysis of legal interpretation and legal arguments presented descriptively. The results of the study reveal that in Law Number 8 of 1999 there are regulations that protect the parties who carry out E-Commerce transactions. Electronic contracts are basically the same as written contacts and have legal force and legal consequences as long as they meet statutory requirements. The legal protection provided by Article 26 of Law Number 8 of 1999 provides protection for consumers by requiring business actors who trade services to fulfill the agreed or/or agreed guarantees and/or guarantees.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PELAKU UMKM KULINER DI KABUPATEN BEKASI

Looking at the various current conditions of the country caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact on economic sectors in Indonesia became unstable. But thanks to the support of MSMEs and the government, the economy in Indonesia can soon recover. Efforts made by the government with various programs for MSMEs, especially in Bekasi Regency, which have innovated related to changes in people's behavior due to COVID-19, related to changes in people/consumers' behavior in buying and selling online, business actors have utilized technology digitally. Therefore, social media and market place become a solution to make it easier for MSMEs to get wider marketing access to make it easier for businesses to reach consumers/buyers globally. In compiling this article, the author first researched to obtain information or data after this article is the result of normative legal research whose implementation is focused on the use of secondary data by using a qualitative paradigm approach of management, and data collection is done qualitatively using deductive logic where the laws and regulations are placed as major premises and facts are placed as the premise of the s minor (Soerjono S, 2007:52). So that this method is more directed to the proof of a theory that already exists. This research also makes a comparison of what can be done to get the most appropriate solution while through a secondary approach researchers refer to laws and regulations, papers, and articles to find out the information that already exists with related problems. This aims to find out the role of the government in protecting MSMEs during the pandemic and how MSMEs in the Bekasi Regency innovate to survive amid the current pandemic. Melihat dari berbagai kondisi Tanah Air saat ini yang diakibatkan oleh pandemi COVID-19 sehingga berdampak pada sektor-sektor perekonomian di Indonesia menjadi tidak stabil. Namun berkat dukungan UMKM dan pemerintah, perekonomian di Indonesia dapat segera pulih kembali. Upaya yang dilakukan pemerintah dengan berbagai program untuk pelaku UMKM khususnya di Kabupaten Bekasi yang telah melakukan inovasi terkait perubahan perilaku masyarakat akibat COVID-19, terkait perubahan perilaku masyarakat/konsumen dalam melakukan jual-beli secara online para pelaku usaha telah memanfaatkan teknologi secara digital. Oleh karena itu Media sosial dan market place menjadi sebuah solusi untuk mempermudah pelaku UMKM mendapatkan akses pemasaran yang lebih luas agar memudahkan para pelaku usaha untuk menjangkau para konsumen/pembeli secara global. Dalam menyusun artikel ini penulis terlebih dahulu melakukan penelitian untuk mendapatkan informasi atau data sehigga artikel ini adalah hasil dari penelitian hukum normative yang pelaksanaannya difokuskan pada penggunaan bersifat data sekunder dengan menggunakan pendekatan paradigma kualitatif pengolaan dan pengumpulan data dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan logika deduktif dimana peraturan perundang-undangan ditempatkan sebagai premis mayor dan fakta-fakta ditempatkan sebagai premis minor . Sehingga metode ini sifatnya lebih mengarah kepada pembuktian atas sebuah teori yang telah ada. Penelitian ini juga menjadikan perbandingan tentang apa yang dapat dilakukan untuk mendapatkan sebuah solusi paling tepat sedangkan melalui pendekatan sekunder peneliti mengacu pada peraturan perundang-undangan, makalah, serta artikel-artikel untuk mengetahui informasi yang telah ada dengan masalah yang terkait.. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apa saja peran pemerintah dalam melindungi pelaku UMKM selama pandemi serta bagaimana pelaku UMKM di Kabupaten Bekasi melakukan inovasi agar bertahan di tengah pandemi saat ini.

PERSPEKTIF MENGENAI PATROLI SIBER SEBAGAI PENEGAK HUKUM DI MEDIA SOSIAL

Information technology has important functions both now and in the future. Advances in technology make it easier for us to get information, but apart from having a good impact, technology can also have a bad impact, such as breaking the law. One example of a violation of the law on social media is cyber crime, which uses computers as a tool or target for criminal means (Widodo: 2011). The spread of fake news is an example of cyber crime that is quite rampant in Indonesia. no exception in the current pandemic, it also makes people afraid of information on social media and sometimes panics. The rise of this incident has made law enforcement in Indonesia run a cyber patrol system with the aim of monitoring the activities of spreading fake news (hoaxes), or the movement of terrorist networks, as well as other crimes related to social media. This is regulated in the ITE Law, Article 390 of the Criminal Code, Articles 14 and 15 of Law No.1 Year 1946 which is the legal basis for handling cyber crimes. The police are trying to overcome all the impacts of hoaxes and cybercrimes by establishing the Directorate of Cyber Crime. using research methods that focus on secondary data processing and data analysis is carried out qualitatively using deductive logic (Soekanto and Mamudji 2007). The results of this study are known that cyber crimes, especially hoax news, create panic in the community and solutions that can be done in overcoming these crimes that occurred. Teknologi informasi memiliki fungsi penting baik sekarang maupun di masa depan. Kemajuan teknologi mempermudah kita untuk mendapatkan informasi, namun selain berdampak baik teknologi juga bisa berdampak buruk, seperti pelanggaran hukum. Salah satu contoh pelanggaran hukum di media sosial adalah cyber crime, yang menggunakan komputer sebagai alat ataupun sasaran untuk sarana kejahatan (Widodo:2011).Penyebaran berita bohong merupakan salah satu contoh kejahatan siber yang cukup marak terjadi di Indonesia .Persentase penyebaran berita bohong sangatlah tinggi tidak terkecuali di masa pandemi seperti saat ini,juga membuat masyarakat menjadi ketakutan dengan informasi yang ada di media sosial dan terkadang membuat menjadi panik.Maraknya kejadian ini membuat penegak hukum di indonesia menjalankan sistem patroli cyber dengan tujuan untuk memantau aktivitas penyebaran berita bohong (hoaks), atau pergerakan jaringan terorisme, serta kejahatan lainnya yang berkaitan dengan media sosial. Hal ini diatur dalam UU ITE, Pasal 390 KUHP, Pasal 14 dan 15 UU No.1 Thn.1946 yang menjadi landasan hukum terhadap penanganan kejahatan dunia maya. Kepolisian berupaya untuk menanggulangi semua dampak dari berita bohong (hoaks) maupun kejahatan dunia maya dengan membentuk Direktorat Tindak Pidana Siber.Artikel ini dibuat dengan tujuan agar masyarakat bisa lebih kritis terhadap setiap berita yang disebarkan di media sosial dan semakin bijak dalam menggunakannya .Dalam artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian yang berfokus pada data sekunder pengolahan dan analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan logika deduktif(Soekanto dan Mamudji(2007). Hasil dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa kejahatan siber terutama berita hoaks membuat panik masyarakat dan penyelesaian yang dapat dilakukan dalam mengatasi kejahatan-kejahatan yang terjadi

At “Agora” agenda today: approaches to the study of translingual literature

This article is further cognitive step in a complex epistemological trajectory set by the research object “translingual literature”. This term, transported into Russian science from Western scientific discourse, still needs to be understood and clarified taking into account a number of extralinguistic factors of the post-Soviet space, which do not allow us to use it as an absolute equivalent of a scientific construct developed by foreign colleagues. After analyzing the corpus of scientific articles by leading scientists, we came to the conclusion that the deductive logic, which is guided by researchers from the far abroad, does not coincide with the principles that post-Soviet modernity dictates to us. Hence — the controversial nature of the article and its main goal: to consider the variety of approaches to translingual literature that are actively used in both Western and Russian science. Among the objectives of the paper — the formation of “navigation map” of approaches for researchers studying translingual literature both in Russia and abroad; substantiation of the basic differences between socio-cultural locales from which translingual literature grows; the formulation of a debatable question about the clarification of the usable hyponyms of the term in the post-Soviet space (Russian-language or Russophone literature). In our work, an attempt is made to answer these questions based on the extensive research context of foreign and Russian science.

VECTOR-DRIVEN LOGIC AND STRUCTURE FOR TESTING AND DEDUCTIVE FAULT SIMULATION

Context. It is known that data structures are decisive for the creation of efficient parallel algorithms and high-performance computing devices. Therefore, the development of mathematically perfect and technologically simple data structures takes about 80 percent of the design time, when about 20 percent of time and material resources are spent on algorithms and their hardware-software coding. This lead to search for such primitives of data structures that will significantly simplify the parallel high-performance algorithms which are working on them. Models and methods for testing and simulation of digital systems are proposed, which containing certain advantages of quantum computing in terms of implementation of vector qubit data structures in technology of classical computational processes. Objective. The goal of the work is development of an innovative technology for qubit-vector synthesis and deductive analysis of tests for their verification based on vector data structures that greatly simplify algorithms that can be embedded as BIST components in digital systems on chips. Method. The deductive faults simulation is used to obtain analytical expressions focused on transporting fault lists through a functional or logical element based on the xor-operation, which serves as a measure of similarity-difference between a test, a function and faults which is specified in the same way in one of the formats − a table, graph, equation. A binary vector is proposed as the most technologically advanced primitive of data structures for setting logical functionality for the purpose of parallel synthesis and analysis of digital systems. The parallelism of solving combinatorial problems is a physical property of quantum computing, which in classical computing, for parallel simulation and faults diagnostics, is provided by unitary-coded data structures due to excess memory. Results. 1) A method of analytical synthesis of deductive logic for functional elements on the gate level and register transfer level has been developed. 2) A deductive processor for faults simulation based on transporting input lists or faults vectors to external outputs of digital circuits was proposed. 3) The qubit-vector form of logic setting and methods of qubit synthesis of deductive equations for faults simulation were described. 4) A qubit-vector method for the tests’ synthesis which is using derivatives calculated by vector coverage of logic has been developed. 5) Models and methods verification is performed on test examples in the software implementation of structures and algorithms. Conclusions. The scientific novelty lies in the new paradigm of the technology for the synthesis of deductive RTL logic based on metric test equation, which forms the. A vector form for structures description is introduced, which makes it possible to apply wellknown technologies for the synthesis and analysis of logical circuits tests to effectively solve the problems of graph structures testing and state machine models of digital devices. The practical significance is reflected in the examples of analytical synthesis of deductive logic for functional elements on gate level and register transfer level. A deductive processor for faults simulation which is focused on implementation as a BIST tool, which is used in online testing, simulation and fault diagnosis for digital systems on chips is proposed. A qubit-vector form of the digital systems description is proposed, which surpasses the existing methods of computing devices development in terms of the metric: manufacturability, compactness, speed and quality. A software application has been developed that implements the main testing, simulation and diagnostics services which are used in the educational process to study the advantages of qubit-vector data structures and algorithms. The computational complexity of synthesis processes and deductive formulas for logic and their usage in fault simulation are given.

Data irregularities across five implicit learning articles: Comments on Lola and Tzetzis (2021), Lola and Tzetzis (2020), Tzetzis and Lola (2015), Lola, Tzetzis, and Zetou (2012), and Tzetzis and Lola (2010)

We present a critical re-analysis of five implicit learning papers published by the same authors between 2010 and 2021. We calculated effect sizes for each pairwise comparison reported in the papers using the data published in each article. We further identified mathematically impossible data reported in multiple papers, either with deductive logic or by conducting a GRIMMER analysis of reported means and standard deviations. We found the pairwise effect sizes were implausible in all five articles in question, with Cohen’s d values often exceeding 100 and sometimes exceeding 1000. Impossible statistics were reported in four out of the five articles. Reported test statistics and eta-squared values were also implausible, with several eta-squared = .99 and even eta-squared = 1.0 for between-subjects main effects. The results reported in the five articles in question are unreliable. Many of the problems we identified could be spotted without further analysis, highlighting the need for adequate statistical training in the field of motor learning.

Reasoning and Argumentation

The psychology of reasoning and argumentation studies how people reason and persuade others using language. Influenced by analytic philosophy, much early work focused on the degree to which verbal reasoning is captured by or diverges from classical deductive logic. From this viewpoint, human thinking can seem prone to substantial and systematic bias. Since 1994, verbal reasoning has been set in the context of uncertain, common-sense reasoning rather than deduction, and reasoning has been seen as continuous with the social challenge of real-world argumentation. From this perspective, the human ability to reason and argue with words is better considered not as flawed logical reasoning, but as often highly competent reasoning and persuasion in an uncertain and contested world.

FORECASTING AN VIBRATION BY MONITORING THE DYNAMICS OF CHANGES ITS PRECURSORS OF VARIOUS PHYSICAL NATURE

Prediction crosses all fields of Science, being itself the evident manifestation of the Scientific Method. This study addresses the delicate aspect of vibration forecasting, which considers the association and interaction between the variables involved, such as radio anomalies, the proton density of the solar wind preceding strong vibration. The analysis is based on the collection of about 800 data of vibration of range equal to or greater than 6 occurred on a global scale between 2012 and 2014, related to solar wind and radio anomalies detected before the disastrous Tohoku vibration of March 11, 2011. To discuss the data has been applied the deductive logic, which allows to make predictions from the hypotheses, formulated in a mathematical way. In this context, the mechanisms of triggering vibration are hypothesized with an interaction of electrical nature, at subatomic scale. The outcome of the research has shown encouraging results on the application of the prediction formula, reinforced by the control of its parameters.