Fault Tolerance Time Interval

In this paper, we consider the problem of supporting fault tolerance foradaptiveandtime-criticalapplications in heterogeneous and unreliable grid computing environments. Our goal for this class of applications is to optimize a user-specifiedbenefit functionwhile meeting the time deadline. Our first contribution in this paper is a multi-objective optimization algorithm for scheduling the application onto the most efficient and reliable resources. In this way, the processing can achieve the maximum benefit while also maximizing thesuccess-rate, which is the probability of finishing execution without failures. However, for the cases where failures do occur, we have developed ahybrid failure recoveryscheme to ensure that the application can complete within the pre-specified time interval. Our experimental results show that our scheduling algorithm can achieve better benefit when compared to several heuristics-based greedy scheduling algorithms, while still having a negligible overhead. Benefit is further improved when we apply the hybrid failure recovery scheme, and the success-rate becomes 100%.

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Easy and effective test to evaluate tear-film stability for self-diagnosis of dry eye syndrome: Blinking tolerance time (BTT)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-29867/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hyung Bin Hwang ◽

Yong Ho Ku ◽

Eun Chul Kim ◽

Hyun Seung Kim ◽

Man Soo Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Eye ◽

Tear Film ◽

Dry Eye Disease ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Eye Disease ◽

Cutoff Score ◽

Time Interval ◽

Film Stability ◽

Tolerance Time ◽

Tear Film Stability

Abstract Background: The tear film breakup time (tBUT) is a clinical evaluation of evaporative dry eye disease assessed by instilling topical fluorescein into the eyes. In the present study, we introduce a new diagnostic test, blinking tolerance time (BTT), for self-evaluation of tear-film stability. We compared the results with the tBUT and validated the BTT test for self-assessment of tear film instability.Methods: This was a prospective controlled study involving 212 eyes of 106 participants 20–79 years of age. A total of 114 eyes of 57 dry eye patients and 98 eyes of 49 healthy subjects were included in the study. All patients and subjects were administered the following tests to diagnose dry eye disease: Ocular Surface Disease Index, BTT, tBUT, slit-lamp examination, corneal stain score, and Schirmer I test (without anesthesia). Patients and subjects were instructed not to blink for as long possible after reset blinking. The time interval between the reset blink and the next blink was measured. The mean of 3 tBUT values in both the right and left eyes was defined as tBUTBE. Correlations between the BTT and tBUTBE were also evaluated. To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the BTT and tBUT tests, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to obtain a cutoff score, and the sensitivities of the tests against the specificity at all possible thresholds were plotted.Results: Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed a significant weakly positive correlation between BTT and tBUTBE (r = 0.447; p=0.000). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the tBUT was 0.679 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.575–0.765) and the ICC of the BTT was 0.904 (95% CI: 0.867–0.932). The area under the ROC curve did not significantly differ between the tBUTBE (0.678) and BTT (0.628, p=0.641). When the cutoff value of the BTT test was set to 8.1 s, the sensitivity was 63.3% and the specificity was 56.1%.Conclusion: The BTT test is a simple, inexpensive, and effective method for self-diagnosing dry eye that can also be used in the clinical setting.

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Easy and effective test to evaluate tear-film stability for self-diagnosis of dry eye syndrome: blinking tolerance time (BTT)

BMC Ophthalmology ◽

10.1186/s12886-020-01686-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hyung Bin Hwang ◽

Yong Ho Ku ◽

Eun Chul Kim ◽

Hyun Seung Kim ◽

Man Soo Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Eye ◽

Tear Film ◽

Dry Eye Disease ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Eye Disease ◽

Cutoff Score ◽

Time Interval ◽

Film Stability ◽

Tolerance Time ◽

Tear Film Stability

Abstract Background The tear film breakup time (tBUT) is a clinical evaluation of evaporative dry eye disease assessed by instilling topical fluorescein into the eyes. In the present study, we introduce a new diagnostic test, blinking tolerance time (BTT), for self-evaluation of tear-film stability. We compared the results with the tBUT and validated the BTT test for self-assessment of tear film instability. Methods This was a prospective controlled study involving 212 eyes of 106 participants 20–79 years of age. A total of 114 eyes of 57 dry eye patients and 98 eyes of 49 healthy subjects were included in the study. All patients and subjects were administered the following tests to diagnose dry eye disease: Ocular Surface Disease Index, BTT, tBUT, slit-lamp examination, corneal stain score, and Schirmer I test (without anesthesia). Patients and subjects were instructed not to blink for as long possible after reset blinking. The time interval between the reset blink and the next blink was measured. The mean of 3 tBUT values in both the right and left eyes was defined as tBUTBE. Correlations between the BTT and tBUTBE were also evaluated. To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the BTT and tBUT tests, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to obtain a cutoff score, and the sensitivities of the tests against the specificity at all possible thresholds were plotted. Results Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed a significant weakly positive correlation between BTT and tBUTBE (r = 0.447; p = 0.000). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the tBUT was 0.679 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.575–0.765) and the ICC of the BTT was 0.904 (95% CI: 0.867–0.932). The area under the ROC curve did not significantly differ between the tBUTBE (0.678) and BTT (0.628, p = 0.641). When the cutoff value of the BTT test was set to 8.1 s, the sensitivity was 63.3% and the specificity was 56.1%. Conclusion The BTT test is a simple, inexpensive, and effective method for self-diagnosing dry eye that can also be used in the clinical setting.

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Analysis of the reliability properties of duplex structures of emergency protection systems with constant redundancy

System technologies ◽

10.34185/1562-9945-3-122-2019-02 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (122) ◽

pp. 12-18

Author(s):

Iryna Serhiivna Dmytriieva

Keyword(s):

Fault Tolerance ◽

Complex Problem ◽

Time Interval ◽

Duplex Structure ◽

Emergency Protection ◽

Healthy State ◽

Protection Systems ◽

Information Management Systems ◽

Redundant Operation ◽

Safety Systems

The work is devoted to the comparison of two options for the operation of the duplex structure of controllers for the developed methods for assessing the reliability and fault tolerance of multichannel control safety systems and emergency protection systems with incompatible states and a variety of possible options for the sequences of occurrence of obvious and hidden failures with the calculation of the probabilities of these systems being in a working condition in a false state triggers at a given time interval.The problem of ensuring the reliability of information management systems is a complex and complex problem, especially for potentially dangerous technical complexes.For the developed mathematical model for assessing the reliability and fault tolerance of multichannel control systems for safety and emergency protection as systems with elements with three incompatible states: the system is in a healthy state, in a state of false (redundant) operation at a given time interval, it is necessary to compare two options for the duplex structure of controllers.The paper compares two variants of operation of the duplex structure of controllers: Hot StandBy and SA&C.Based on the results obtained, SA & C systems with restoration is a better option compared to the Hot StandBy system with restoration.The results obtained will be used in further studies to obtain dependencies for much more complex structures of automatic protection systems.

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An easy and effective test to evaluate tear film stability as a self diagnosis of dry eye syndrome: Blinking tolerance time (BTT)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-29867/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hyung Bin Hwang ◽

Yong Ho Ku ◽

Eun Chul Kim ◽

Hyun Seung Kim ◽

Man Soo Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Eye ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Tear Film ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Cutoff Score ◽

Time Interval ◽

Film Stability ◽

Tolerance Time ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Tear Film Stability

Abstract Background: To introduce a new diagnostic test, blinking tolerance time (BTT) to evaluate tear film stability. We will compare it with tear break-up time (tBUT) and validate the value of the BTT as a new self-diagnostic tool for assessing tear film instability.Methods: This was a prospective controlled study involving 212 eyes of 106 participants aged 20–79 years. One hundred fourteen eyes of 57 dry eye patients and 98 eyes of 49 healthy subjects were included in the study. All patients and subjects were administered the following diagnostic tests of dry eye disease: Ocular Surface Disease Index, BTT, tBUT, slit lamp examination, corneal stain score, and Schirmer I test (without anesthesia). Patients and subjects were instructed to not to blinking as possible as he or she can after reset blinking. Examiner measure the time interval between reset blinking and next blinking. tBUTou was defined as the mean of the average of three tBUT values in the right and left eyes. Correlations between BTT and tBUTou were also evaluated. To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the BTT and tBUT, ROC curves were generated to obtain a cutoff score, and the sensitivities of the tests against the specificity at all possible thresholds were plotted.Results: Spearman’s correlation analysis showed a statistically significant, weakly positive correlation between BTT and tBUTOU (r = 0.447; p=0.000). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the tBUT was 0.679 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.575–0.765) and the ICC of the BTT was 0.904 (95% CI: 0.867–0.932). The AUC of the tBUTOU was 0.678 and that of the BTT was 0.628. There was no statistically significant difference between these two AUC values (p=0.641). When the cutoff value of BTT was set to 8.1 sec, the sensitivity of the BTT was 63.3% and the specificity was 56.1%.Conclusion: As a simple and new self-diagnostic diagnosis of dry eye, BTT has diagnostic value in clinical practice. The BTT test has a unique advantage in that it can be used for self-diagnostic diagnosis of dry eye. The BTT test can also be widely used in the clinical setting because it is an inexpensive and simple procedure.

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Review for "Murine CD8 T Cell Functional Avidity is Stable In Vivo but not In Vitro : Independence from Homologous Prime/Boost Time Interval and Antigen Density"

10.1002/eji.201948355/v1/review2 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Cd8 T Cell ◽

Time Interval ◽

Functional Avidity

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Focusing of Visuospatial Attention

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027//0269-8803.15.4.256 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 256-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Caterina Pesce ◽

Rainer Bösel

Keyword(s):

Reaction Times ◽

Visual Space ◽

Spatial Relation ◽

Stimulus Onset ◽

Visuospatial Attention ◽

Task Demands ◽

Time Interval ◽

Behavioral Studies ◽

Task Conditions ◽

Simple Rt

Abstract In the present study we explored the focusing of visuospatial attention in subjects practicing and not practicing activities with high attentional demands. Similar to the studies of Castiello and Umiltà (e. g., 1990) , our experimental procedure was a variation of Posner's (1980) basic paradigm for exploring covert orienting of visuospatial attention. In a simple RT-task, a peripheral cue of varying size was presented unilaterally or bilaterally from a central fixation point and followed by a target at different stimulus-onset-asynchronies (SOAs). The target could occur validly inside the cue or invalidly outside the cue with varying spatial relation to its boundary. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and reaction times (RTs) were recorded to target stimuli under the different task conditions. RT and ERP findings showed converging aspects as well as dissociations. Electrophysiological results revealed an amplitude modulation of the ERPs in the early and late Nd time interval at both anterior and posterior scalp sites, which seems to be related to the effects of peripheral informative cues as well as to the attentional expertise. Results were: (1) shorter latency effects confirm the positive-going amplitude enhancement elicited by unilateral peripheral cues and strengthen the criticism against the neutrality of spatially nonpredictive peripheral cueing of all possible target locations which is often presumed in behavioral studies. (2) Longer latency effects show that subjects with attentional expertise modulate the distribution of the attentional resources in the visual space differently than nonexperienced subjects. Skilled practice may lead to minimizing attentional costs by automatizing the use of a span of attention that is adapted to the most frequent task demands and endogenously increases the allocation of resources to cope with less usual attending conditions.

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Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorder Symptoms

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027//1015-5759.17.1.25 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 25-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

G. Leonard Burns ◽

James A. Walsh ◽

David R. Patterson ◽

Carol S. Holte ◽

Rita Sommers-Flanagan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit ◽

Rating Scales ◽

Behavior Disorder ◽

Disruptive Behavior Disorder ◽

Subjective Rating ◽

Time Interval ◽

Assessment Procedure ◽

Frequency Count ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Oppositional Defiant

Summary: Rating scales are commonly used to measure the symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD). While these scales have positive psychometric properties, the scales share a potential weakness - the use of vague or subjective rating procedures to measure symptom occurrence (e. g., never, occasionally, often, and very often). Rating procedures based on frequency counts for a specific time interval (e. g., never, once, twice, once per month, once per week, once per day, more than once per day) are less subjective and provide a conceptually better assessment procedure for these symptoms. Such a frequency count procedure was used to obtain parent ratings on the ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms in a normative (nonclinical) sample of 3,500 children and adolescents. Although the current study does not provide a direct comparison of the two types of rating procedures, the results suggest that the frequency count procedure provides a potentially more useful way to measure these symptoms. The implications of the results are noted for the construction of rating scales to measure the ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms.

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