Developmental Trajectories of Drug Use Among Whites and African-Americans: Evidence for the Crossover Hypothesis

Objective: The exclusion criteria of tobacco cessation randomized clinical trials (RCTs) may have unintended consequences on inclusion and cessation disparities. We examined racial/ethnic differences in: a) exclusion from a group-based cessation RCT; and b) reasons for exclusion.Design: Quasi-experimental. Inclusion criteria were self-identification as African American/Black, non-Hispanic White, or Hispanic (any race), adults, minimum five cigarettes/day or carbon monoxide reading of ≥ 8 parts per million (ppm), interest in quitting, and spoke/read English. Data were obtained from a parent trial, which is ongoing and will be completed in 2019. Analyses for our present study on participant screening and enrollment were conducted in 2018.Main Outcome Measures: Study ineligibility, and reasons for exclusion (contraindications for nicotine patch use, serious mental illness [SMI, eg, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia], alcohol dependence or illicit drug use, current tobacco treatment, attendance barriers [eg, transportation], and other concerns [eg, aggressive, intoxicated, disruptive, visibly ill]).Results: Of 1,206 individuals screened, 36% were ineligible. The most frequent reasons were SMI (28%), alcohol dependence or drug use (10%), and attendance barriers (7%). Ineligibility was greater among African Americans (42%) and Hispanics (37%), compared with Whites (24%; P<.001). Compared with African Americans and Hispanics, Whites were more likely to be excluded for single reasons, including attendance barriers, and medical conditions (P<.05). African Americans were more than twice as likely as Whites to be excluded for 3 or more reasons (12% vs 5% respectively, P<.05).Conclusions: A notable proportion of smokers were ineligible for this RCT, with SMI as the greatest single cause. Racial/ ethnic minorities were more likely to be excluded, with African Americans deemed ineligible for multiple reasons. Findings have implications for RCT generalizability, addressing tobacco disparities and health equity.Ethn Dis. 2019;29(1):23-30; doi:10.18865/ed.29.1.23.

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Drug Use among African Americans: Ethnic Identity as a Protective Factor

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3f.1427 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 83 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1427-1446 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Judith S. Brook ◽

Elinor B. Balka ◽

David W Brook ◽

Pe T. Win ◽

Michal D. Gursen

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

African Americans ◽

Drug Use ◽

Protective Factor ◽

African American Youth ◽

Protective Role ◽

Drug Prevention ◽

Individual Interviews ◽

Multiple Components ◽

Main Effects

This study examined the multiple components of ethnic identity, the place of this ethnic identity set in the mediational model of the path to drug use predicted by our family interactional framework, and the protective role of each component of ethnic identity. The participants were 259 male and 368 female African Americans in late adolescence. They responded to a structured questionnaire in individual interviews. We found that few of the specific components of ethnic identity were significantly related as main effects to drug use. Most of the effect of ethnic identity was mediated by the family set of variables. Each of the components of ethnic identity offset risks or enhanced protective factors from the ecology, family, personality, and peer domains, thereby lessening drug use. This pattern highlights the importance of incorporating ethnic identity into drug prevention programs which serve African-American youth.

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Smoking Involvement during Adolescence among African Americans and Puerto Ricans: Risks to Psychological and Physical Well-Being in Young Adulthood

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.99.2.421-438 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 99 (2) ◽

pp. 421-438 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Judith S. Brook ◽

Elinor B. Balka ◽

Yuming Ning ◽

Martin Whiteman ◽

Stephen J. Finch

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Drug Use ◽

Physical Health ◽

Young Adulthood ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Puerto Ricans ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

Adolescent Smoking ◽

Late Adolescent ◽

Wide Range

The major aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal association between adolescent smoking involvement and self-reported psychological and physical outcomes in young adulthood. Participants included 333 African Americans and 329 Puerto Ricans who were surveyed in 1990 in their New York City schools and interviewed in 1995 and 2000-2001, primarily in their homes. The psychological outcomes included ego integration, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and interpersonal difficulty. The physical health measures included a general health rating, number of illnesses, and symptoms of ill health. Also, three scales measured problems due to alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use. Smoking involvement varied by age, sex, and ethnicity but not by socioeconomic status nor by late adolescent parental status. Analysis showed that the relationships between adolescent smoking involvement and psychological and physical health problems in young adulthood remained significant even with control on demographic factors, earlier levels of the outcome variables, and marijuana use. The relationships between smoking behavior and problems with alcohol, marijuana and other illicit drug use were particularly strong. Thus, adolescent smoking seems to have a wide range of clinical implications for young adulthood.

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Similar and Different Precursors to Drug Use and Delinquency Among African Americans and Puerto Ricans

The Journal of Genetic Psychology ◽

10.1080/00221329809596131 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 159 (1) ◽

pp. 13-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Judith S. Brook ◽

Martin Whiteman ◽

Elinor B. Balka ◽

Pe T. Win ◽

Michal D. Gursen

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Drug Use ◽

Puerto Ricans

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The influence of parents and schools on developmental trajectories of antisocial behaviors in Caucasian and African American youths

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579418001335 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (04) ◽

pp. 1575-1587 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ryann A. Morrison ◽

Jonathan I. Martinez ◽

Emily C. Hilton ◽

James J. Li

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

African Americans ◽

Social Dynamics ◽

Juvenile Justice System ◽

School Connectedness ◽

Developmental Trajectories ◽

Adult Health ◽

Antisocial Behaviors ◽

Supportive Parenting ◽

Racial Ethnic

AbstractAfrican American youths are overrepresented in the American juvenile justice system relative to Caucasians. Yet, research on antisocial behaviors (ASB) has focused on predominantly Caucasian populations. Furthermore, relatively little is known about how environmental factors, such as supportive parenting (e.g., how close adolescents feel to their parent) and school connectedness (e.g., how supported adolescents feel at school), affect trajectories of ASB in Caucasians versus African Americans. This study mapped developmental trajectories of ASB in Caucasians (n = 10,764) and African Americans (n = 4,091) separately, using four waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We then examined supportive parenting and school connectedness on the trajectories of ASB. Four trajectories of ASB were identified for both Caucasians and African Americans: negligible, adolescence-peaked, low-persistence, and high-persistence ASB, although prevalence rates differed by racial-ethnic status. Supportive parenting reduced the risk of membership into the adolescence-peaked trajectory for both Caucasians and African Americans. However, school connectedness was less protective for African Americans than for Caucasians because it only predicted a lower risk of adolescence-peaked membership for African Americans. Findings may reflect the complex social dynamics between race and schools in the development of ASB.

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Acculturation and Drug Use Stigma Among Latinos and African Americans: An Examination of a Church-Based Sample

Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health ◽

10.1007/s10903-015-0161-9 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 1607-1614 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Karen R. Flórez ◽

Kathryn Pitkin Derose ◽

Joshua Breslau ◽

Beth Ann Griffin ◽

Ann C. Haas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Drug Use

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Day Reporting Centers as an Alternative for Drug Using Offenders

Journal of Drug Issues ◽

10.1177/002204269702700212 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 379-397 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Duane McBride ◽

Curtis VanderWaal

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Drug Use ◽

Effective Means ◽

Community Services ◽

Cook County ◽

Cocaine Use ◽

Job Experience ◽

Reporting Programs ◽

Low Rate

It is the purpose of this paper to examine the development, implementation, and effectiveness of a day reporting center (DRC) for drug- using offenders in Cook County, Illinois. At the time of the evaluation, the program primarily offered services to African Americans with limited education and job experience and extensive histories of opiate and cocaine use. The analysis showed that while in the program, participants reduced their drug use, significantly improved the rate of their appearance for court dates, and had a very low rate of arrests on new charges. It was also found that the program had difficulties in integrating its services with other community services after participants left the program. Conclusions support the use of day reporting programs for drug-using offenders as an effective means to reduce drug use. It was also concluded that it was crucial to integrate this type of pre-trial service with other needed community services.

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