Very Low Fertility and the High Costs of Children and the Elderly in East Asia

2014 ◽  
pp. 31-58
Author(s):  
Naohiro Ogawa ◽  
Andrew Mason ◽  
Sang-Hyop Lee ◽  
An-Chi Tung ◽  
Rikiya Matsukura
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Costs Of Children

A Social Investment Turn in East Asia?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Fleckenstein ◽  
Soohyun Christine Lee
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Social Investment ◽  
Investment Policies ◽  
Employment Participation

The welfare states of Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan were built by conservative elites to serve the project of late industrialization, and for this reason the East Asian developmental welfare state focused its resources on those who were deemed most important for economic development (especially male industrial workers). Starting in the 1990s and increasingly since the 2000s, the developmental welfare state has experienced a far-reaching transformation, including the expansion of family policy to address the post-industrial challenges of female employment participation and low fertility. This chapter assesses social investment policies in East Asia, with a focus on family policy and on the South Korean case, where the most comprehensive rise of social investment policies were observed.

scholarly journals Do Aging and Low Fertility Reduce Carbon Emissions in Korea? Evidence from IPAT Augmented EKC Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaehyeok Kim ◽  
Hyungwoo Lim ◽  
Ha-Hyun Jo
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Robustness Check

The purpose of this article is to empirically find the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) relationship between income and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and to analyze the influence of population aging on such emissions. We utilize Korean regional panel data of 16 provinces during the period from 1998 to 2016. To account for the nonstationary time series in the panel, we employ a fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and estimate long-run elasticity. From the empirical results, we can find the nonlinear relationship between income and CO2 emissions. Additionally, we verify the fact that population aging reduces CO2 emissions. A 1% increase in the proportion of the elderly results in a 0.4% decrease in CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the younger population increases CO2 emissions. These results were in line with those of additional analysis on residential and transportation CO2 emissions, for the robustness check.

scholarly journals Demographic Changes, Saving, and Current Account in East Asia

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soyoung Kim ◽  
Jong-Wha Lee
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Current Account ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Demographic Changes ◽  
Global Capital ◽  
Current Account Imbalances ◽  
Auto Regressive ◽  
Saving Rates ◽  
Current Account Balances ◽  
Dependency Rate

This paper analyzes the empirical relationships among demographic changes, saving, and current account balances in East Asia. The panel Vector-Auto Regressive (VAR) model shows that an increase in the dependency rate, especially the elderly dependency rate, significantly lowers saving rates and subsequently worsens current account balances. The result implies that the future aging of the population in East Asia would have a significant impact on global capital flows and current account imbalances.

scholarly journals Health, Income, and Retirement: Evidence from Nineteenth-Century America

1995 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
Dora L. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Security System ◽  
Security System ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Nineteenth Century America ◽  
The Social

The United States population has grown older. Increases in life expectancy and a low fertility rate have dramatically changed the composition of the population. This change in the age composition of the population has led to concerns over the viability of the Social Security system. One way to increase the solvency of the Social Security system would be to increase participation rates among the elderly.

scholarly journals The Impact of Low Fertility in East Asia: A Case Study of Low Fertility Crisis Management in Japan

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Jen, Lin ◽  
Hsiao-Ming, Chang ◽  
Chien-Jen, Hung
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
The Impact

Low fertility has become a common problem all over the world. It is the same in East Asia. Japan is the first developed country in East Asia and the first country in East Asia to face the problem of low fertility. The purpose of this paper is to explore how to solve the problem of low fertility in East Asian countries. The solution may be in the case of Japan. In terms of research methods, this paper adopts case analysis and literature analysis. The case analysis of Japan aims to explore the management plans and proposed strategies in the aspects of education faced with declining birth rate and aging industries from the perspective of sustainable development. Population issues are often the root of problems in a country, and any problems related to population will result in a crisis of social stability. Therefore, both China’s One-child policy (population control) and Japan’s declining birth rate and aging response strategies (labor shortage) can be considered cases of crisis management. In conclusion, although low fertility is inevitable, if Japan faces and deals with it step by step, it can reduce the impact of low fertility. The premise is to plan ahead and go through a period of time. In the case of Japan, it took at least 20 years to deal with the problem. And now it is still going on.

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