scholarly journals Deterrence (In)stability Between India and Pakistan

2020 ◽  
pp. 215-230
Author(s):  
Sander Ruben Aarten
Keyword(s):  
Cold Start ◽  
Indian Soil ◽  
Deterrence Theory ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Nuclear Exchange ◽  
Domain Dynamics ◽  
Detrimental Impact

AbstractSince the introduction of India’s cold start and Pakistan’s full spectrum deterrence doctrines, the subcontinental deterrence landscape has been characterised by strong cross-domain dynamics. In extremis, if both states adhere to the threats issued in their doctrines a Pakistan-supported militant attack on Indian soil could escalate into an all-out nuclear exchange. It is a development that has been met with great concern by many analysts for its detrimental impact on deterrence stability. Since the doctrines are believed to have become operational, at least four incidents occurred which could have sparked this cross-domain escalation spiral. And yet, crisis behaviour proved vastly different from what doctrine predicted. What does this say about deterrence stability on the subcontinent? This chapter assesses deterrence stability on the basis of perfect deterrence theory, which is argued to provide a more nuanced view of deterrence relationships than classical deterrence theory. It finds support for the stability-instability paradox and argues that deterrence is less unstable than appears at first sight. Furthermore, to fully appreciate the degree of deterrence stability, it is suggested that the factors ‘context’ and ‘narrative’ should be included into the equation.

scholarly journals Transfer-Meta Framework for Cross-domain Recommendation to Cold-Start Users

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongchun Zhu ◽  
Kaikai Ge ◽  
Fuzhen Zhuang ◽  
Ruobing Xie ◽  
Dongbo Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Start ◽  
Cross Domain

On the causes of electoral volatility in Asia since 1948

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406882110468
Author(s):  
Don S Lee ◽  
Fernando Casal Bertoa
Keyword(s):  
Party Systems ◽  
Representative Democracy ◽  
Electoral Volatility ◽  
Essential Condition ◽  
Additional Finding ◽  
Healthy Functioning ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Detrimental Impact ◽  
Historical Legacies ◽  
The Way

Electoral stability has been viewed as an essential condition for the healthy functioning of representative democracy. However, there is little agreement in the literature about what shapes the stability of the electorate in general nor much attention paid to that of the Asian electorates in particular. We propose historical legacies, uniquely testable in Asia, as central determinants, but also test for conventional factors examined in other regions. By analyzing more than 150 elections in 19 post-WWII Asian democracies, we find that certain types of authoritarian (military or personalist) and colonial (non-British) legacies have a detrimental impact on the stabilization of the electorate, while some of the findings from other regions apply also to Asia. Our additional finding that such effects of historical legacies, particularly authoritarian interludes, are attenuated and cease to be significant with sufficient maturation of democracy, has important implications for the way party systems develop and democracies consolidate.

Nuclear Deterrence and the Strategy of Limited Retaliation

1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Powell
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Nuclear Deterrence ◽  
Deterrence Theory ◽  
Sequential Bargaining ◽  
Nuclear Exchange ◽  
Coercive Pressure

Recent formal work in nuclear deterrence theory has focused on brinkmanship crises in which states exert coercive pressure by manipulating the risk of an unlimited nuclear exchange. This essay extends the formal analysis of deterrence theory to the strategy of limited retaliation in which states exert coercive pressure by inflicting limited amounts of damage in order to make the threat of future punishment more credible. This strategy is modeled as a game of sequential bargaining with incomplete information. The equilibria suggest that states prefer relatively smaller, less-destructive limited options; that counterforce options are desirable even if they cannot limit the total amount of damage an adversary can inflict; that smaller, less-destructive limited nuclear options may make a nuclear exchange more likely; and that uncertainty and incomplete information may significantly enhance deterrence.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 335-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon R. Lindsay ◽  
Erik Gartzke
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Strategic Choice ◽  
Deterrence Theory ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
Economic Statecraft ◽  
New Research ◽  
Research Frontiers

This concluding chapter provides an analytical summary of insights that emerge across the chapters, highlighting the ways in which the characteristics of different instruments of coercion examined in this book—nuclear weapons, operations on land, at sea, in the air, in space, and in cyberspace, and engineered migrations—can improve or undermine deterrence. By and large, the contributors to this book find that the notion of cross-domain deterrence is useful and can reveal novel insights that traditional deterrence theory obscures. Deterrence in history has often occurred across domains, combining land and naval power as well as force, diplomacy, and economic statecraft, but the logic of strategic choice has not been articulated. Deterrence theory as we know it may actually be a subset of cross-domain deterrence, an account of coercive bargaining that takes means as seriously as ends. Means matter because different tools and combinations of tools have different consequences for the costs, credibility, and consequences of deterrence. These insights opens up new research frontiers for international relations.

scholarly journals A DNN-Based Cross-Domain Recommender System for Alleviating Cold-Start Problem in E-Commerce

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 194-206
Author(s):  
Hanxin Wang ◽  
Daichi Amagata ◽  
Takuya Makeawa ◽  
Takahiro Hara ◽  
Niu Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recommender System ◽  
Cold Start ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
Cold Start Problem

scholarly journals Deeply Fusing Reviews and Contents for Cold Start Users in Cross-Domain Recommendation Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 94-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjing Fu ◽  
Zhaohui Peng ◽  
Senzhang Wang ◽  
Yang Xu ◽  
Jin Li
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Information ◽  
Side Information ◽  
Recommendation Systems ◽  
Cold Start ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Fusion Model ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Latent Factors ◽  
Data Sparsity ◽  
Cross Domain

As one promising way to solve the challenging issues of data sparsity and cold start in recommender systems, crossdomain recommendation has gained increasing research interest recently. Cross-domain recommendation aims to improve the recommendation performance by means of transferring explicit or implicit feedback from the auxiliary domain to the target domain. Although the side information of review texts and item contents has been proven to be useful in recommendation, most existing works only use one kind of side information and cannot deeply fuse this side information with ratings. In this paper, we propose a Review and Content based Deep Fusion Model named RC-DFM for crossdomain recommendation. We first extend Stacked Denoising Autoencoders (SDAE) to effectively fuse review texts and item contents with the rating matrix in both auxiliary and target domains. Through this way, the learned latent factors of users and items in both domains preserve more semantic information for recommendation. Then we utilize a multi-layer perceptron to transfer user latent factors between the two domains to address the data sparsity and cold start issues. Experimental results on real datasets demonstrate the superior performance of RC-DFM compared with state-of-the-art recommendation methods.Deeply Fusing Reviews and Contents for Cold Start Users in Cross-Domain Recommendation Systems

scholarly journals The Essence of Cross-Domain Deterrence

2020 ◽  
pp. 129-158
Author(s):  
Tim Sweijs ◽  
Samuel Zilincik
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Grey Zone ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Deterrence Theory ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
Multiple Domains ◽  
The Military

AbstractBoth deterrence theory and deterrence practice are evolving to address contemporary strategic challenges. In the military domain, states progressively integrate and synchronise military operations. Outside of it, they exploit grey zone strategies that combine different instruments of influence across multiple domains. These developments are now giving birth to a new wave of thinking about cross domain deterrence (CDD), what it precisely entails, and what favouring conditions are necessary for it to be effective. This chapter situates CDD in the context of today’s challenges, and identifies the prerequisites for these favouring conditions based on a review of a rather diverse body of literature. It finds that one strand of that literature predominantly focuses on practical and technical prerequisites in order for CDD to be effective, leaving the framework of traditional deterrence theory intact. It also finds a second strand that holds that the nature of today’s challenges requires more than mere innovation in application. The ideas about deterrence proposed by this second strand are expanding on common understandings of deterrence to the extent that deterrence is no longer only about fear nor about convincing opponents to refrain from certain behaviour. The conclusion summarises the findings and elaborates their implications for theory and practice.

Deprivation of liberty or imprisonment? Metaphorical motivation of some terms in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania and their translation into English

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-195
Author(s):  
Inesa Šeškauskienė ◽  
Justina Urbonaitė
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Stability

Abstract The paper sets out to examine the stability and motivation of collocations with the word laisvė ‘liberty, freedom’ in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania and tendencies of their rendering into English. The methodology of research relies on the cognitive linguistic principles of embodiment, the understanding of metaphor in terms of cross-domain mappings, the relevance of context and frames. The results demonstrate very stable collocations in Lithuanian, all of which are metaphorically motivated and constitute legal terms. Their translation into English uncovers some tendencies of the same and different conceptualisation of such notions of criminal law as the restriction of liberty, deprivation of liberty, imprisonment and some others. The English terms, equivalents of the selected Lithuanian terms with the word laisvė, are much less metaphorical than could be expected.

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