scholarly journals The Essence of Cross-Domain Deterrence

2020 ◽  
pp. 129-158
Author(s):  
Tim Sweijs ◽  
Samuel Zilincik
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Grey Zone ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Deterrence Theory ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
Multiple Domains ◽  
The Military

AbstractBoth deterrence theory and deterrence practice are evolving to address contemporary strategic challenges. In the military domain, states progressively integrate and synchronise military operations. Outside of it, they exploit grey zone strategies that combine different instruments of influence across multiple domains. These developments are now giving birth to a new wave of thinking about cross domain deterrence (CDD), what it precisely entails, and what favouring conditions are necessary for it to be effective. This chapter situates CDD in the context of today’s challenges, and identifies the prerequisites for these favouring conditions based on a review of a rather diverse body of literature. It finds that one strand of that literature predominantly focuses on practical and technical prerequisites in order for CDD to be effective, leaving the framework of traditional deterrence theory intact. It also finds a second strand that holds that the nature of today’s challenges requires more than mere innovation in application. The ideas about deterrence proposed by this second strand are expanding on common understandings of deterrence to the extent that deterrence is no longer only about fear nor about convincing opponents to refrain from certain behaviour. The conclusion summarises the findings and elaborates their implications for theory and practice.

Military Knowledge Management

2011 ◽  
pp. 1125-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. William Maule
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Knowledge Theory ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Military

Knowledge is a critical component of military operations, and the military has been an early adopter of knowledge management (KM) technologies. Significant events include a strategic use of tools to filter information into knowledge, the designation of knowledge officers in high-level strategic positions, and the implementation of knowledge systems as a means to support situational awareness and understanding. Following is a brief overview of knowledge management within the military and a review of knowledge theory and practice pertinent to military knowledge management.

Military Knowledge Management

2011 ◽  
pp. 627-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. William Maule
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Knowledge Theory ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Military

Knowledge is a critical component of military operations, and the military has been an early adopter of knowledge management (KM) technologies. Significant events include a strategic use of tools to filter information into knowledge, the designation of knowledge officers in high-level strategic positions, and the implementation of knowledge systems as a means to support situational awareness and understanding. Following is a brief overview of knowledge management within the military and a review of knowledge theory and practice pertinent to military knowledge management.

Military Knowledge Management

2011 ◽  
pp. 2387-2396
Author(s):  
R. William Maule
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Knowledge Theory ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Military

Knowledge is a critical component of military operations, and the military has been an early adopter of knowledge management (KM) technologies. Significant events include a strategic use of tools to filter information into knowledge, the designation of knowledge officers in high-level strategic positions, and the implementation of knowledge systems as a means to support situational awareness and understanding. Following is a brief overview of knowledge management within the military and a review of knowledge theory and practice pertinent to military knowledge management.

scholarly journals Deterrence in Peace Operations: Look Beyond the Battlefield and Expand the Number of Targets and Influence Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
pp. 327-345
Author(s):  
Peter Viggo Jakobsen
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Peace Operations ◽  
Deterrence Theory ◽  
Narrow Focus ◽  
Peace Operation ◽  
The Military

AbstractThe peace operations literature suffers from a narrow focus on battlefield deterrence. It ignores the need to deter actors beyond the battlefield from supporting the combatants using force, and analyses the use of military threats and force in peace operations in a vacuum without taking into account the other instruments that deterring actors employ simultaneously to influence the combatants, combatant allies, combatant supporters and bystanders that undermine deterrence in peace operations. Since most peace operation forces lack the capacity and willingness to threaten and use force in accordance with the requirements stipulated by rational deterrence theory, influencing actors beyond the battlefield is more important with respect to deterring violence than the military efforts undertaken by peace operation forces to deter combatants from using force or to compel them to stop doing so. Accordingly, this chapter develops a new analytical framework that will enable peace operation theorists and practitioners to target all the actors that undermine deterrence on the battlefield and beyond with all the tools at their disposal—persuasion, inducement and coercion. The framework will improve both theory and practice by providing a better understanding of the conditions under which peace operations can contribute to deterring and, if need be, compelling combatants from using force as well as identifying the tools that practitioners can employ to this end. It highlights that peace operations merely constitute the top of the deterrence iceberg, and that peace operation forces must be supported by other actors and tools to succeed with respect to deterring violence and facilitating conflict resolution.

scholarly journals The Role of Stalin in the Formation of Official History of the Tsaritsyn Defense during the Civil War in Russia

2019 ◽  
pp. 558-571
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Belov ◽  
◽  
Evgenii P. Vorobiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Scientific Publication ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The People ◽  
Cult Of Personality ◽  
History Of ◽  
20Th Anniversary ◽  
The Military

The article presents results of comparative analysis of the texts of original publication of Professor V. Melikov’s scientific monograph “Heroic Defense of Tsaritsyn: 1918” and its 1938 version published in view of the 20th anniversary of the defense of Tsaritsyn during the Civil War. J. V. Stalin's editorial revision of the text is probably the only evidence of his active intervention in late 1930s in the formation of the official view on the defense of Tsaritsyn and his own role in it, as well as that of K. E. Voroshilov and M. S. Budyonny. The study allows to identify main points and accents of editorial treatment of censorship and of Stalin himself as main participant in the event and unofficial editor of the new publication. Stalin’s editorial changes expunged names of most command officers from the text. All information on the military operations of the Steel division and its commander, D. P. Zhlob, who was arrested and executed during the prepress, was removed. Stalin also edited and deleted the “cult of personality” flattery to himself and his comrade-in-arms S. M. Budyonny. At the same time, the censorship, namely the editorial board of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR, promptly updated the text by inserting documents and materials on the ongoing trials for counter-revolutionary activities of persons mentioned in the monograph as participants in the events. Political repression of early 1938 resulted in their neutralization as “enemies of the people.” Thus, editing of V. A. Melikov’s monograph by I. V. Stalin and the censorship was an example of the gradual transformation of scientific publication into instrument of political and ideological strife in the context of oncoming new wave of terror.

Categorization flexibility and unconventional choices: is life an adventure?

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1963-1986
Author(s):  
Tilottama G. Chowdhury ◽  
Feisal Murshed
Keyword(s):  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Consumer Decision Making ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
Multiple Domains

Purpose This paper proposes that categorization flexibility, operationalized as the cognitive capacity that cross-categorizes products in multiple situational categories across multiple domains, might favorably influence a consumer’s evaluation of unconventional options. Design/methodology/approach Experimental research design is used to test the theory. An exploratory study first establishes the effect of categorization flexibility in a non-food domain. Study 1 documents the moderating role of decision domain, showing that the effect works only under low- (vs high-) consequence domain. Studies 2A and 2B further refine the notion by showing that individuals can be primed in a relatively higher categorization flexibility frame of mind. Study 3 demonstrates the interactive effect of categorization flexibility and adventure priming in a high-consequence domain. Study 4 integrates the interactive effects of decisions with low- vs high-consequence, adventure priming and categorization flexibility within a single decision domain of high consequence. Findings Consumers with higher- (vs lower-) categorization flexibility tend to opt for unconventional choices when the decision domain entails low consequences, whereas such a result does not hold under decision domain of high consequences. The categorization flexibility effects in case of low-consequence decision domain holds true even when consumers are primed to be categorization flexible. Furthermore, with additional adventure priming, consumers show an increased preference for unconventional options even under a decision domain with high consequence. Research limitations/implications This study could not examine real purchase behavior as results are based on cross-sectional, behavioral intention data. In addition, it did not examine the underlying reason for presence of cross-domain categorization flexibility index. Practical implications The results suggest that stimuli may be tailored to consumers in ways that increase the salience and the perceived attractiveness of unconventional choices. Further, data reinforce the notion of cross-categorical interrelations among different domains, which could be leveraged by marketers. Originality/value This study represents the first documentation of the potential ways by which unconventional product choice might be a function of individuals’ categorization flexibility level across different types of decision domains. The findings yield implications that are novel to both categorization and consumer decision-making literature.

scholarly journals Feasibility Study on the Development of a Deployable Tactical EMP Tent for a Sustainable Military Facility

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Kukjoo Kim ◽  
Kyung-Ryeung Min ◽  
Young-Jun Park
Keyword(s):  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Electromagnetic Pulses ◽  
Fixed Weight ◽  
Operational Readiness ◽  
The Military ◽  
Transaction Price ◽  
Delphi Analysis ◽  
Weight Structures

The Korean peninsula is under increasing threat of electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) from neighboring countries; EMP protection facilities are an essential means of ensuring the operational readiness of the military. However, existing EMP protection facilities are manufactured as fixed-weight structures, which limit the mobility of military operations and lead to the misconception of EMP protection as something only required for higher command. The current military and official EMP protection standards require only a uniform shielding effectiveness of 80 dB. Therefore, this study aims to differentiate the existing uniform level of shielding effectiveness of 80 dB into 80 dB, 60 dB, 40 dB, etc. Further, it seeks to derive the factors to be considered when applying various methods, such as shielding rooms, shielding racks, site redundancy, spare equipment, and portable lightweight protective tents, for recovery of failure, instead of the existing protection facilities that rely on shielded rooms by the Delphi analysis. Then, the applicability of lightweight EMP protection is determined after selecting lightweight materials to build a facility. The electromagnetic shielding performance of 21 types of materials was measured in the 30 MHz–1.5 GHz frequency band using ASTM-D-4935-10. The results showed the possibility of developing a lightweight EMP shielding facility, which would save approximately 316,386 tons of concrete, reducing the CO2 emissions by approximately 9,972,489 tons. Assuming that the Korean carbon transaction price is USD 50/ton CO2, the savings are equivalent to USD 49,862,435.

Moderating role of patriotism on sales tax compliance among Jordanian SMEs

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Farhan Alshira'h ◽  
Hijattulah Abdul-Jabbar
Keyword(s):  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Sales Tax ◽  
Deterrence Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Audit ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of tax audit, tax rate and tax penalty on sales tax compliance and examine the moderating effect of patriotism on the associations between tax audit, tax rate and tax penalty with sales tax compliance among Jordanian manufacturing small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Design/methodology/approach In this study, 660 questionnaires were distributed by using systematic random sampling to manufacturing SMEs in Jordan, after which a total of 385 useable questionnaires were deemed suitable for analysis. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to validate the measurement model and structural model and the predictive relevance of the study’s model. Findings The findings showed that tax audit and tax penalty were positively associated with the level of sales tax compliance, whereas tax rate was insignificantly associated with sales tax compliance. They also demonstrated the moderating significant effect of patriotism on the relationship between tax penalty, tax audit and tax rate with sales tax compliance. Research limitations/implications Tax authorities and policymakers in developing majority societies in developing countries and in other Arab countries, especially in Jordan may use the results to focus their interest on the formulation of policies founded on the outcomes of the study to strengthen eligible SMEs to comply to further boost their sales collections. Originality/value This study extends the deterrence theory in the context of sales tax compliance by proposing the moderating effect of patriotism in the deterrence theory on sales tax compliance among SMEs. Moreover, the suitability for the use of PLS-SEM as a statistical tool in investigating the extended deterrence theory with patriotism as a moderating variable as well as its implications for theory and practice was also discussed.

scholarly journals Art. XX. An Account of the Religious Opinions and Observances of the Khonds of Goomsur and Boad

1843 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
pp. 172-199
Author(s):  
Samuel Charters Maopherson
Keyword(s):  
General Interest ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cape Of Good Hope ◽  
The Military

[Note. Several years ago, at the close of the military operations of the Madras Government in Goomsur, Captain (then Lieutenant) Macpherson executed by order of government a survey of the country, and in that service lost his health. From the Cape of Good Hope, whither he had gone for its recovery, he transmitted his notes on the religion of the Khonds to a relative in this country, who considered them to possess so much novelty and general interest, that he presented them to the Society, upon his own responsibility, and without the sanction of the writer: and a few additions having been since made, the paper is now laid before the public.]

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