Iron Metabolism and Iron Deficiency Anemia

SummaryBackground:Anemia represents a significant cause of maternal and perinatal mortality, as well as child mortality. The aim of the research was to determine the serum concentration of hepcidin in children aged 6 months to 2 years and adolescents aged 11 to 19 years which suffer from iron deficiency anemia and compare it with the serum concentration of hepcidin in the control groups, as well as to determine its connection with the parameters of the iron metabolism.Methods:The research included 173 examinees, 89 of them suffered from iron deficiency anemia and 84 did not suffer from iron deficiency anemia (the latter represented the control group). Blood samples were collected from all study participants. The samples were analyzed for complete blood count and parameters of iron metabolism. ELISA method was used for establishing serum hepcidin levels.Results:The research showed that the concentration of hepcidin is statistically lower in children (4.4 ng/mL) and adolescents (4.1 ng/mL) who suffer from iron deficiency anemia in comparison with the control group (14 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, respectively). The positive correlation between serum hepcidin level and iron in the serum, ferritin, the mean corpuscular volume and transferrin saturation was confirmed, but the negative one occurred in serum hepcidin level, transferrin and reticulocytes.Conclusions:The age of the examinees does not influence the level of serum hepcidin which makes it a more sensitive indicator of the level of iron in the body. Besides this, serum hepcidin is a reliable biological marker for the assessment of iron deficiency anemia.

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The Role of Erythroferrone Hormone as Erythroid Regulator of Hepcidin and Iron Metabolism during Thalassemia and in Iron Deficiency Anemia- A Short Review

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i3130919 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 55-59

Author(s):

Tiba Sabah Talawy ◽

Abd Elgadir A. Altoum ◽

Asaad Ma Babker

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Iron Metabolism ◽

Short Review ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Blood Disorders ◽

Iron Storage ◽

Clinical Biomarkers ◽

Potential Factor

Erythroferrone (ERFE) is a hormone produced by erythroblasts in the bone marrow in response to erythropoietin controlling iron storage release through its actions on hepcidin, which acts on hepatocytes to suppress expression of the hormone hepcidin. Erythroferrone now considered is one of potential clinical biomarkers for assessing erythropoiesis activity in patients with blood disorders regarding to iron imbalance. Since discovery of in 2014 by Dr. Leon Kautz and colleagues and till now no more enough studies in Erythroferrone among human, most studies are conducted in animals. In this review we briefly address the Role of Erythroferrone hormone as erythroid regulator of hepcidin and iron metabolism during thalassemia and in iron deficiency anemia. Studies in this review were identified through a search using the following electronic databases: PubMed, Academia, Scopus, Google Scholar, and another open database source. Conclusion: Most of studies concluded that, in people with thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia, erythroferrone levels in the blood are higher than in people without thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia. Knowing the mechanisms of erythroferrone as erythroid regulator of hepcidin and iron metabolism during thalassemia and in iron deficiency anemia important in the diagnosis and treatment for both conditions. The erythroferrone hormone may act as potential factor in physiological hepcidin suppressor in cases with iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia disease and play a key role in treatment process among those patients in status of iron deficiency or iron overload. However, till now few studies of the function of ERFE in humans because is recently discovered and remains to be investigated and most studies are conducted among animals.

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Iron Deficiency Anemia Associated with an Error of Iron Metabolism in Two Siblings *

Journal of Clinical Investigation ◽

10.1172/jci104937 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 510-521 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Nasrollah T. Shahidi ◽

David G. Nathan ◽

Louis K. Diamond

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Iron Metabolism ◽

Deficiency Anemia

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Revisiting Iron Metabolism, Iron Homeostasis and Iron Deficiency Anemia

Clinical Laboratory ◽

10.7754/clin.lab.2020.200742 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (03/2021) ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Saboor ◽

Amtuz Zehra ◽

Hassan Hamali ◽

Abdullah Mobarki

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Iron Metabolism ◽

Iron Homeostasis ◽

Deficiency Anemia

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The differential diagnostic of anemias associated with iron metabolism

Medical Journal of the Russian Federation ◽

10.18821/0869-2106-2016-22-4-213-221 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 213-221

Author(s):

Nail’ A. Andreichev ◽

E. N Andreicheva

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Iron Metabolism ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Microcytic Anemia ◽

Blood Analysis ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Actual Problem ◽

Terrestrial Globe

The iron-deficiency conditions continue to be an actual problem all over the world being present in half of population of the terrestrial globe. The development of iron deficiency often depends on gender and age. In females specific role is played by hypermenorrhea and repeated pregnancies (iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia are found 6 times more often in females than in males). The anemia of chronic diseases by it prevalence takes second place after iron-deficiency anemia. The prevalence of anemia of chronic diseases in elder and senile age varies within range 2,9-61% in males and 3,3-41% in females. In young and mature age anemia of chronic diseases more often occurs in females. There are anemias when content of iron in organism and its resources are within limits of norm or higher - sideroahrestical anemias. The percentage of them in structure of hypochromic anemias is smallish. The diagnostic and differential diagnostic of anemias related to iron metabolism. The anemias are diverse according to clinical hematological characteristics. At selection of diagnostic schemes, treatment of anemias differs on leading pathogenic mechanism. However, to facilitate diagnostic and differential diagnostic the color indicator and morphological classifications are considered. The differentiated diagnostic of anemias is based on data of clinical, laboratory and instrumental analysis. The blood analysis under anemia is to take into account indices of Hb, size of erythrocytes, their saturation with Hb, average volume of erythrocytes, and average content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes, amount of reticulocytes and other cells permitting judging about character and activity of erythropoiesis. The article presents algorithm of examination of patient under hypochromic and microcytic anemia, diagnostic and differentiated diagnostic of acute post-hemorrhagic anemia, anemia of chronic course, iron-deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic diseases, sideroahrestical anemia, iron-saturated anemia due to leaden intoxication, inherent iron-saturated anemia of pharmaceutical genesis, thyroprival anemia and thalassemia.

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New diagnostic tools for delineating iron status

Hematology ◽

10.1182/hematology.2019000035 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (1) ◽

pp. 327-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yelena Z. Ginzburg

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Iron Metabolism ◽

Iron Status ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Erythroid Precursor ◽

Metabolism Regulation ◽

Iron Sequestration

Abstract Recent advances in our understanding of iron metabolism regulation and crosstalk with erythropoiesis have provided insight into the pathophysiology of multiple disease conditions. For instance, the peptide hormone hepcidin is central to the regulation of iron metabolism. Its effect on cellular iron concentration involves binding ferroportin, the main iron export protein, resulting in its internalization and degradation and leading to iron sequestration within ferroportin-expressing cells. Furthermore, hepcidin regulation by erythropoiesis is attributed in large part to a bone marrow–derived hormone erythroferrone. Erythroferrone-induced hepcidin suppression in diseases of expanded hematopoiesis results in iron overload. Conversely, diseases, such as iron refractory iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic inflammation, are characterized by aberrantly increased hepcidin, resulting in iron sequestration and decreased circulating iron and eventually leading to iron-restricted erythropoiesis. Lastly, because iron functions in concert with erythropoietin to promote erythroid precursor survival, proliferation, and differentiation, iron deficiency anemia is a consequence not only of decreased hemoglobin synthesis in each cell but also, a decrease in erythropoietin responsiveness in the bone marrow. How to translate this new information to the clinical setting has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this manuscript is to summarize current standard tools for identifying iron deficiency in anemic patients; explore the tools and context for evaluating novel markers, such as hepcidin, erythroferrone, and markers of the iron restriction response; and assess available evidence for how their use could increase our understanding of health outcomes in clinically challenging cases.

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M1391 Iron Metabolism and Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Patients With Chronic Pancreatitis

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(10)61815-x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 138 (5) ◽

pp. S-395 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Enrique Dominguez-Munoz ◽

Margarita Castineira ◽

Jose Larino-Noia ◽

Maria Luaces ◽

Julio Iglesias-Garcia

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pancreatitis ◽

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Iron Metabolism ◽

Deficiency Anemia

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Iron deficiency anemia in obstetrics

Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health ◽

10.32364/2618-8430-2021-4-1-53-58 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 53-58

Author(s):

T.P. Zefirova ◽

◽

E.Yu. Yupatov ◽

R.R. Mukhametova ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Iron Metabolism ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Perinatal Outcomes ◽

Current Data ◽

Placental Insufficiency ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Septic Complications ◽

Increased Risk

This paper discusses the anemia of pregnancy that is a global issue affecting tens of millions of women. The prevalence of anemia increases as pregnancy progresses and is maximum in the third trimester having a negative impact on pregnancy course. Major causes of unfavorable perinatal outcomes related to anemia are addressed. The authors highlight that anemia of pregnancy increases the rate of stillbirths, premature birth, and intrauterine growth restriction. The mechanisms accounting for placental insufficiency (e.g., circulatory hypoxia, abnormal blood rheology, microcirculatory abnormalities) are described. Current data on the increased risk of maternal death in anemia are discussed. Its major causes are hemorrhages, infectious septic complications, and thromboses. Diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for anemia are emphasized. Personalized management strategy and rational choice of iron products require an understanding of iron metabolism and the knowing of the role of hepcidin-mediated inhibition of the mechanism of iron metabolism. KEYWORDS: iron deficiency anemia, pregnancy, maternal mortality, placental insufficiency, hep-cidin, pre-pregnancy preparation, hemodilution. FOR CITATION: Zefirova T.P., Yupatov E.Yu., Mukhametova R.R. Iron deficiency anemia in obstetrics. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2021;4(1):53–58. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2021-4-1-53-58.

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