scholarly journals Happiness Measurability and Interpersonal Comparability

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
Yew-Kwang Ng
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Interpersonal Comparability ◽  
Happiness Measurement ◽  
Dividing Line

AbstractSimple ways to improve the accuracy and interpersonal and intertemporal comparability of happiness measurement include using happiness instead of life satisfaction (or other concepts), pinning down the dividing line of the zero amount of net happiness, using an interpersonally valid unit based on the just perceivable increment of happiness, and the complementary use of this method for small samples and the traditional methods for large samples.

scholarly journals Statistics for N = 1

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. e38066
Author(s):  
Jimmie Leppink
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Interval Estimates ◽  
Linear Relations ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Research In Education ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Larger Sample

Research in education is often associated with comparing group averages and linear relations in sufficiently large samples and evidence-based practice is about using the outcomes of that research in the practice of education. However, there are questions that are important for the practice of education that cannot really be addressed by comparisons of group averages and linear relations, no matter how large the samples. Besides, different types of constraints including logistic, financial, and ethical ones may make larger-sample research unfeasible or at least questionable. What has remained less known in many fields is that there are study designs and statistical methods for research involving small samples or even individuals that allow us to address questions of importance for the practice of education. This article discusses one type of such situations and provides a simple coherent statistical approach that provides point and interval estimates of differences of interest regardless of the type of the outcome variable and that is of use in other types of studies involving large samples, small samples, and single individuals.

Collaborative Study of the Comparison of Mineral Wool Insulations in the Forensic Laboratory

1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 772-777
Author(s):  
Elmer T Miller
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Mineral Wool ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Matched Pairs ◽  
Microscopic Appearance ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Heat Treated

Abstract A method for the comparison of mineral wool insulation specimens was studied collaboratively. Exemplar and questioned specimens are compared microscopically for color of resin, shapes and quantity of slugs or shot, relative fiber diameters, and other gross characteristics. Then the resin is burned off, and the fibers are annealed at 500°C. The heat-treated fibers are compared for shortwave ultraviolet fluorescence, microscopic appearance, solubility in dilute and concentrated hydrochloric acid, and refraction and dispcrsion indices according to 45.002–5.007. Eight collaborators in 6 laboratories compared 8 matched pairs of large samples (such as exemplars) and small samples (such as might be found on a suspect’s clothing).

Does Living in California Make People Happy? A Focusing Illusion in Judgments of Life Satisfaction

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 340-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Schkade ◽  
Daniel Kahneman
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Focusing Illusion ◽  
Overall Life Satisfaction

Large samples of students in the Midwest and in Southern California rated satisfaction with life overall as well as with various aspects of life, for either themselves or someone similar to themselves in one of the two regions. Self-reported overall life satisfaction was the same in both regions, but participants who rated a similar other expected Californians to be more satisfied than Midwesterners. Climate-related aspects were rated as more important for someone living in another region than for someone in one's own region. Mediation analyses showed that satisfaction with climate and with cultural opportunities accounted for the higher overall life satisfaction predicted for Californians. Judgments of life satisfaction in a different location are susceptible to a focusing illusion: Easily observed and distinctive differences between locations are given more weight in such judgments than they will have in reality.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Bootstrap and Monte Carlo Approaches to Testing for Symmetry in the Granger and Lee Error Correction Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 240-244
Author(s):  
Henry de-Graft Acquah
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Methods ◽  
Large Error ◽  
Small Error ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Monte Carlo Techniques ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Monte Carlo Algorithms ◽  
Power Of The Test ◽  
Simulation Results

In this paper, I investigate the power of the Granger and Lee model of asymmetry via bootstrap and Monte Carlo techniques. The simulation results indicate that sample size, level of asymmetry and the amount of noise in the data generating process are important determinants of the power of the test for asymmetry based on bootstrap and Monte Carlo techniques. Additionally, the simulation results suggest that both bootstrap and Monte Carlo methods are successful in rejecting the false null hypothesis of symmetric adjustment in large samples with small error size and strong levels of asymmetry. In large samples, with small error size and strong levels of asymmetry, the results suggest that asymmetry test based on Monte Carlo methods achieve greater power gains when compared with the test for asymmetry based on bootstrap. However, in small samples, with large error size and subtle levels of asymmetry, the results suggest that asymmetry test based on bootstrap is more powerful than those based on the Monte Carlo methods. I conclude that both bootstrap and Monte Carlo algorithms provide valuable tools for investigating the power of the test of asymmetry.

Are Black Restaurant Servers Tipped Less Than White Servers? Three Experimental Tests of Server Race Effects on Customers’ Tipping Behaviors

2021 ◽  
pp. 193896552110366
Author(s):  
Zachary W. Brewster ◽  
Kenneth Gourlay ◽  
Gerald Roman Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effect ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Survey Experiments ◽  
Race Effects ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
The Relationship

A limited number of published studies have presented evidence indicating that restaurant customers discriminate against Black servers by tipping them less than their White coworkers. However, the cross-sectional, localized, and small samples that were analyzed in these extant studies do not support any unqualified claim that consumer racial discrimination in tipping practices is a widespread phenomenon. Thus, in an effort to further clarify the relationship between restaurant servers’ race and customers’ tipping practices, we present results from three survey experiments designed to assess the causal effect of servers’ race on customers’ tipping intentions. In three independent, demographically diverse, and relatively large samples of U.S. consumers, we found no evidence to conclude that all else being equal consumers discriminate against Black restaurant servers by tipping them less than comparable White servers. Furthermore, the null effects of servers’ race on customers’ tipping practices were not found to be sensitive to variation in service quality, dining satisfaction, servers’ sex, customers’ sex, or customers’ race. Our results challenge the generalizability of the previously observed server race effects on customers’ tipping practices and point toward the need for future research that aims to advance our understanding of the conditions under which customers’ tipping practices are sensitive to the perceived race of their server. The implications of our results for restaurant operations and directions for future research are also discussed.

A New Approach in Performing Microdiffraction Analysis

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 551-556
Author(s):  
D. J. Winter ◽  
B. A. Squires
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
New Approach ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Relative Term ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Conventional Instrumentation

Microdiffraction is defined as the x-ray diffraction analysis performed on small samples or small areas of large samples. Since smallness is a relative term, micro diffraction is considered the technique of choice when samples are too small for the optics and precision of conventional instrumentation.

The information available in small samples

1936 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Joint Distribution ◽  
Statistical Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Large Samples

When a probability distribution is specified by more than one parameter, the statistical information in a sample on an unknown α will usually depend on the values of the other unknowns. For large samples where the joint distribution of the estimates tends to normality, and the efficiency of the estimation to a maximum, little theoretical difficulty exists. In a discussion(1) of the more general theory of small samples, I have stressed the importance of properties of sufficiency.

scholarly journals In-Situ Strain Measurements in Large Volumes of Hardening Epoxy Using Optical Backscatter Reflectometry

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Heinze ◽  
Andreas Echtermeyer
Keyword(s):  
Optical Measurement ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Local Measurements ◽  
Electrical Transformers ◽  
Complicated Geometries ◽  
Cure Shrinkage

Some large engineering structures are made by casting polymers into a mold. The structures can have complicated geometries and may be filled with other components, such as electrical transformers. This study investigated casting of large components made of epoxy. Epoxy is easy to pour, bonds well and has relatively low cure shrinkage. However, the cure shrinkage can lead to significant stresses or strains, causing large deformations that can lead to cracks.Understanding the curing process and related shrinkage is important for designing molds and controlling the production process. This study applied a new experimental method to measure strains due to cure shrinkage allowing many accurate local measurements along the length of an optical measurement fiber. The method is based on Optical Backscatter Reflectometry. Six distinct stages of the curing process can be identified. Previous measurements were limited to a few point measurements in small samples. This paper shows cure shrinkage in large samples and identifies some unexpected changes in behavior when going from small to large specimens. The behavior is explained qualitatively.

Maros-Schulek Technique for Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Production in Fish and Respiratory Quotient in Tilapia mossambica

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 1342-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Kutty ◽  
N. V. Karuppannan ◽  
M. Narayanan ◽  
M. Peer Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Anal Chim ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Aquatic Animals ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Tilapia Mossambica ◽  
Present Technique

The technique used by Maros et al. (Anal. Chim. Acta 25: 390–399, 1961) for accurate measurements of total carbon dioxide in small samples has been modified for large samples of water, enabling measurement of carbon dioxide production by small aquatic animals. Data obtained from Tilapia mossambica by using the present technique are discussed. The method is considered to be adequate for obtaining reliable estimates of carbon dioxide production in fish.

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