Critical Re-evaluation of the Slope Factor of the Operational Model of Agonism Short Title: Slope Factor of the Operational Model of Agonism

Although being a relative term, agonist efficacy is a cornerstone in the proper assessment of agonist selectivity and signalling bias. The operational model of agonism (OMA) has become successful in the determination of agonist efficacies and ranking them. In 1985, Black et al. introduced the slope factor to the OMA to make it more flexible and allow for fitting steep as well as flat concentration-response curves. Functional analysis of OMA demonstrates that the slope factor implemented by Black et al. affects relationships among parameters of the OMA. Fitting of the OMA with Black et al. slope factor to concentration-response curves of experimental as well as theoretical data (homotropic allosteric modulation, substrate inhibition and non-competitive auto-inhibition) resulted in wrong estimates of operational efficacy and affinity. In contrast, fitting of the OMA modified by the Hill coefficient to the same data resulted in correct estimates of operational efficacy and affinity. Therefore OMA modified by the Hill coefficient should be preferred over Black et al. equation for ranking of agonism and subsequent analysis, like quantification of signalling bias, when concentration response curves differ in the slope factor.

On slope factor of the operational model of agonism

Although being a relative term, agonist efficacy is a cornerstone in the proper assessment of agonist selectivity and signalling bias. The operational model of agonism (OMA) has become successful in the determination of agonist efficacies and ranking them. In 1995, Black et al. introduced slope factor to the OMA that makes the OMA more flexible and allows for fitting steep as well as flat concentration-response curves. Here I opinion drawbacks of the slope factor implemented by Black et al. that affects relationships among parameters of the OMA. Instead, I propose the implementation of the Hill coefficient in the OMA that does not affect observed parameters. The OMA modified by the Hill coefficient is more practical in the determination of operational efficacies for agonism ranking and subsequent analysis, like quantification of signalling bias.

Historical Databases, Big and Small

Big Data is a relative term, and Small Data can be equally important. Not only the volume of data defines if data is 'Big', but three more Vs characterise the term: velocity (speed of data generation and processing), veracity (referring to data quality) and variety. Perhaps the most defining is methodological: data becomes really big when new methods are needed to process and analyse it. In contrast, this paper demonstrates how even a tiny dataset can contribute to our understanding of the past, in this case of the historical geography of two provinces in Ottoman Greece in the 17th century. Graph analysis is used on a dataset of just 16 data pairs, illustrating the point that a close-up view of data complements the look from farther away at bigger data volumes.

Gender Role as Relative Phenomenon in Bharati Mukherjee’s Novel Desirable Daughters

Gender is a relative, fluid and dynamic phenomenon. In a traditional society woman has always been treated as “other” which needs to be changed. Human beings unconsciously remain engaged to absorb notions of gender-based manhood and womanhood. Gender construction is not static but changes with circumstances. Women who live in different environment face different problems and whole pattern of their lives changes when they change their living conditions and social set up. Gender is basically an aggregate of cultural and sociological traits which are associated with a particular being and leads to marginalization of one gender namely women. A particular behaviour is expected from that gender and vice versa. This concept is visible in the novel ‘Desirable Daughters’ by Bharati Mukherjee which is primary text for current research. The characters in this novel violate traditional limitations and gender role becomes a fluid and relative concept. So, this work focuses on highlighting that gender role is a relative term primarily a product of environment. The theoretical framework used here is third wave of feminism and the methodology employed to conduct this research is textual analysis.

PUBLIC INTEREST AS A DETERMINANT OF TERRITORIAL AUTONOMY

The article aims to explore the concept of territorial autonomy. The research assumption is that public interest is one of the fundamental determinants of territorial autonomy. Territorial autonomy has not been defined by law. It is a general and relative term, and thus difficult to define (if such an enterprise is possible at all). However, one thing is certain - the idea behind this term determines the law regulating the organizational and territorial form of the state, i.e. the distribution of power between the centre and the territory. Further attempts to specify territorial autonomy are met with serious difficulties. Therefore, it is crucial to look at it through the prism of public interest. The term public interest has a relative meaning, because it depends on the constantly changing social conditions. This variability is, among others, a result of the territorial context. The national interest and the territorial interest will be defined in different ways. It seems, therefore, that in order to explicate the notion territorial autonomy, one should refer to the concept of public interest and then take into account the relationship between the interest of a territory and the interest of the whole state. This will make it possible to outline territorial autonomy through the prism of its determinant – the public interest.

Strong Coupling and Nonextensive Thermodynamics

We propose a Hamiltonian-based approach to the nonextensive thermodynamics of small systems, where small is a relative term comparing the size of the system to the size of the effective interaction region around it. We show that the effective Hamiltonian approach gives easy accessibility to the thermodynamic properties of systems strongly coupled to their surroundings. The theory does not rely on the classical concept of dividing surface to characterize the system’s interaction with the environment. Instead, it defines an effective interaction region over which a system exchanges extensive quantities with its surroundings, easily producing laws recently shown to be valid at the nanoscale.

Theory of Relativity does not pass the Roller Coaster Test

Theory of Relativity of Einstein - Does not pass the Roller Coaster Test.To check the General Theory of Relativity, we framed out a 'Roller Coaster Test'.Here we use the twin boys and the location is earth .Boy A is asked to ride a Giant wheel at a certain place on earth, where as boy B is set to ride Deadliest roller coaster . An atomic clock of same parameters are put in the reserve pocket of both the boys. Test carried for a month giving 10 minutes rest after every ride and half hour break for nature call..The result were as follows--There was no time dilation in both clocks kept with the test boys.- The boy A in Giant wheel was happy, the boy in Deadliest, speedy roller coaster was not pleasant but was tensed.- The boy A's body temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, sugar level, were normal and there were no extraordinary aging signs observed.-Whereas, in boy B who rides a deadliest coaster, got a high Blood Pressure, higher pulse rate, body clock disturbed. When he wake up after a sleep. He did not know whether it is day or night. He felt weak, and his body balancing got disturbed and weak. His hairs started falling. There have been a weight lost also.There have been the fast aging signs in boy B.Since, the time dilemma is not a relative concept, therefore one must not relate it with the aging signs or with speeding down of clock used at two targeted points. Hence, the Roller coaster test did not give the results, which were assumed in theory of relativity. Instead, of that the boy B moving fast in roller coaster showed aging signs growing speedier than the other boy A. Which was just opposite to the result assumed in Theory of relativity. There have been no difference observed in clock put with the boys. No time dilation observed.The Theory of Relativity did not passed the test of time.As is said, that the same span passed in vehicle traveled with light speed and a man living at the earth.but the man who travelled at light speed remained young after say 50 years, but the boy at earth got older with many aging signs. It was assumed that the time passed in the vehicle traveled by speed of light was too less as compared to the person leaves on earth.Though, this thought of Einstein is purely hypothetical, if it is compared to check the theory, the gravitational conditions must be same on the testing pursuits.The comparison of time effect in Theory of Relativity is an illusion. But the Roller coaster check reveals the reverse effects as compared to the Einstein theory of relativity. Though, we can found symmetry and relation in results. But that does not match with theory of relativity as advised by Einstein. Even, it shows the more speedier effects in aging signs,in the boy who ride on deadliest Roller Coaster. In comparison to boy who ride giant wheel. This reveals that there are some vague expressions related to time. Since, there are no definite conception on time in different situations at different states. Time is absolute term.it may not be considered as relative term. Since it is not relative term.Time can not either be contracted or dilated. It is a big illusion hence may not be accepted.

The Inverted Philosopher’s Stone: how to turn silver to a base metal

Metals often are classified as “noble” or “base”—characterizing their reduction potential as one of the most important chemical properties. We show that metals are only as noble as allowed by their environment, i.e. this is a relative term, and the “frame of reference” simply is the solvent in which the redox system is present. We prove that silver is a prime example for a noble metal that forfeits its noble character in the simple ionic liquid HMIM Br (1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide) as an example for such a solvent.

Economic Policy Challenges of Small European Countries

The aim of this paper is to study the pace and role of small states in international economic relations. The main characteristics of small states are a high degree of economic openness, export concentration and high dependence on strategic imports. In addition, their significant features are also indivisibility of overhead costs and diseconomies of scale. There is no single definition of small states since the size is a relative term. In addition to the size of population, sometimes other indicators are used as size criteria such as territory size or gross domestic product. This paper emphasizes the endogenous and macroeconomic characteristics of small states in detail and some small countries’ problems that can be challenging in developing their economies. Furthermore, the concepts of small states’ economic vulnerability and resilience are covered. This paper pays special attention to arguments in favor of regional cooperation among small countries. The final part of the paper is dedicated to the similarities, and also economic differences among the small European states. It also highlights the benefits of small states’ membership into the European Union. Numerous economic benefits for small countries arise from the process of regional integration, especially with regard to strengthening economic resilience, foreign trade, strengthening their bargaining power, joint management of regional public goods, receiving technical assistance and geopolitical aspect.

Mendialogkan Kehidupan Keagamaan

In the social life, the religion have two faces: conflict and peace. Conflict arises in many reasons, one of them is ethnocentric views. Peace condition comes because all of religion advocates to living in harmony. The two phenomena were studied in the discussion of the religious leaders in the Organization of the Religious Harmony Forum (FKUB) Central Java. Result of the workshop are: (1) to avoid conflict, do not take ethnocentric views; (2). The truth of religion is absolute in relative term; (3) the religious community must have a principle that the different is beautiful; (4) the last but not lease, needed to form interfaith community in some areas with different religions.