On evaluating income distributions: Rank dominance, the Suppes-Sen grading principle of justice, and Pareto optimality

Vilfredo Pareto, using data for England, a number of Italian cities, several German states, Paris, and Peru, plotted cumulative distributions of income for these countries on double logarithmic paper. He claimed that in each case the result was a straight line with about the same slope. Thus, he asserted a law of income distribution. I discuss Pareto's discovery of this relationship; his theory of income distribution; Pareto's Law and Pareto optimality; the attack on Pareto's Law; the counterattack; and the more recent literature. For all the excesses of the Paretian camp followers, there remains the significant insight that the history of all hitherto existing society is a history of social hierarchies. There is the feel of structure behind income distributions. Something is going on here.

Download Full-text

PENERAPAN ASAS KEADILAN PADA TRANSAKSI PENYIMPANAN DANA NASABAH DI BANK SYARIAH BERDASARKAN AKAD MUDHARABAH

DIALEKTIKA : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Ilmu Sosial ◽

10.36636/dialektika.v5i1.396 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

SITI NUR SHOIMAH

Keyword(s):

Profit Sharing ◽

Islamic Banking ◽

Business Activity ◽

Legal Research ◽

Conceptual Approach ◽

Islamic Bank ◽

Principle Of Justice

ABSTRAK This research is motivated by the fact that it does not include clauses related to the risk of the Bank or the Customer in the mudharabah agreements in the customer deposit funds in Islamic Banking (Sharia Banking), if at any time the business of managing a Islamic Bank fund suffers, even though there are also Customer funds in the business, and it’s not balanced, because maybe only one party, the Customer or the Bank, bears the risk of loss. This imbalance then causes injustice, even though justice is a shariah requirement in the distribution of results from a business activity. Research that uses the normative legal research with the statute approach, and conceptual approach, results in the finding that the principle of justice in customer deposit funds in Islamic Banking based on mudharabah agreements is realized in the form of profit sharing system in the form of proportional and balanced benefits and risks. Keyword: Principle of Justice, Mudharabah Agreements, Customer Deposit Fund, Islamic Banking ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh fakta yang menunjukkan tidak dicantumkannya klausul terkait resiko Bank ataupun Nasabah di dalam akad mudharabah pada transaksi penyimpanan dana Nasabah di Bank Syariah, apabila suatu ketika usaha dari pengelolaan dana Bank Syariah mengalami kerugian, padahal di dalam usaha tersebut juga terdapat dana Nasabah, dan ini tentu tidak seimbang, karena dimungkinkan hanya pihak Nasabah Penyimpan atau Bank Syariah yang menanggung resiko atas kerugian tersebut. Ketidakseimbang inilah yang kemudian menimbulkan adanya ketidakadilan, padahal keadilan merupakan persyaratan syari’ah dalam pembagian hasil dari suatu kegiatan usaha. Penelitian yang menggunakan metode normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual ini, menghasilkan temuan bahwa asas keadilan pada transaksi penyimpanan dana Nasabah di Bank Syariah berdasarkan akad mudharabah diwujudkan dalam bentuk sistem bagi hasil berupa keuntungan dan resiko secara proporsionalitas dan seimbang. Kata Kunci:Asas Keadilan, Akad Mudharabah, Penyimpanan Dana Nasabah, Bank Syariah

Download Full-text

Sectoral Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment in India During First Generation Reform Period

Journal of Commerce and Accounting Research ◽

10.21863/jcar/2015.4.2.009 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Manoj Kumar Sinha

Keyword(s):

First Generation ◽

Correlation Matrices ◽

Foreign Investors ◽

Industrial Policies ◽

Sectoral Analysis ◽

Industrial Sectors ◽

Reform Period ◽

Service Sectors ◽

Almost All ◽

Rank Dominance

Since 1991, India has cautiously and slowly opened almost all the sectors, except a few related to strategic importance, for foreign investors. Degree of openness of various industrial sectors for FDI has been increased to the extent of 100 percent by consistently liberalizing industrial policies of the sectors. The purpose of the paper is to study pattern and trends of sectoral distribution of FDI within the background of the first generation reforms and liberalized industrial policies during 1991-2001. The paper has used series of the dynamics and stylistic indices and statistical tools such as three level indices, index of rank dominance, and correlation matrices for explaining the pattern of FDI distribution across sectors during 1991-2001. The results show that electrical, transportation, chemical, telecommunication, and service sectors are most dominating sectors and represent almost 75 percent of total FDI received during 1991-2001. Index of rank dominance indicates distribution of FDI across the sectors is top heavy.

Download Full-text

The ethical case for global measles eradication—justice and the Rule of Rescue

International Health ◽

10.1093/inthealth/ihaa038 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 375-377

Author(s):

David N Durrheim ◽

Jon K Andrus

Keyword(s):

Disease Burden ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

World Health ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Global Public Health ◽

National Immunisation ◽

Measles Elimination ◽

Principle Of Justice ◽

Rule Of Rescue ◽

Global Eradication

Abstract Measles causes a substantial disease burden for all countries, while mortality is greatest in underserved, marginalized populations. Global measles eradication is feasible and the strategies critically rely upon well-functioning national immunisation programs and surveillance systems. All six regions of the World Health Organisation have adopted measles elimination targets. The Rule of Rescue and the principle of justice leave no ethical place for health programs, governments, global public health bodies or donors to hide if they impede efforts to eradicate measles globally by not taking all necessary actions to establish a global eradication target and committing the resources essential to achieve this goal.

Download Full-text

The Accrual Accounting Principle and its Implications for Portuguese Tax Courts Decisions

Accounting Economics and Law - A Convivium ◽

10.1515/ael-2019-0030 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Taborda ◽

João Sousa

Keyword(s):

Tax Avoidance ◽

Case Law ◽

Tax Law ◽

Income Transfer ◽

Legal Decisions ◽

Taxable Income ◽

Principle Of Justice ◽

Legal Arguments ◽

Accounting Principle ◽

Flexible Application

AbstractTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper focusing on the interpretations issued by different Portuguese courts concerning the application of the accrual principle established in the Corporate Income Tax Code.This paper uses a database of the Portuguese tax courts’ decisions and employs a case law-based research methodology to address the following question: under which circumstances the principle of justice may affect the strict application of the accrual principle? After collecting twenty-four legal decisions related to the application of the accrual principle outlined in tax law, this paper summarises eleven, grouping them according to the different issues under dispute. This analysis also includes the confrontation of the assumptions used by the tax authority and the claims of the taxpayers, identifying and discussing the legal arguments to override the strict application of the accrual principle.The main conclusion is that Portuguese courts may summon the principle of justice in taxation when taxpayers violate the accrual principle, in order to prevent unfair corrections to taxable income performed in tax audits. This paper found that the tax authority typically demands a rigid use of the accrual principle while the taxpayers often argue for a more flexible application. This last perspective has been adopted by the tax courts in certain circumstances, in particular when taxable income transfer was not motivated by tax avoidance.

Download Full-text