Respiratory changes and structure of sleep in young high-altitude dwellers in the Andes of Peru

1993 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Coote ◽  
G. Tsang ◽  
A. Baker ◽  
B. Stone
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
The Andes

Rediscovery of Orobothriurus bivittatus (Thorell 1877) stat. n., comb. n. in the Sierra del Tontal, Argentina (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 916 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUIS E. ACOSTA
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Inflexion Point ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Narrow Valley

The long neglected scorpion species Orobothriurus bivittatus (Thorell) stat. n., comb. n. (Bothriuridae), formerly considered a subspecies of Urophonius brachycentrus (Thorell) and more recently placed under synonymy of the type species of Orobothriurus Maury, O. alticola (Pocock), is revalidated and redescribed on a male captured in the Sierra del Tontal, west Argentina. It proved to be a close relative of O. alticola, from which it can be separated by some details of the hemispermatophore morphology (e.g. relative length of the lamina apex, lobular expansions at the inflexion point of the front crest). This species is probably a high altitude endemic to the Precordillera, a range separated from the Andes (where O. alticola was collected) by a narrow valley. The type locality for O. bivittatus stat. n., comb. n. (and also for Telegonus weijenberghi Thorell) is restricted to the upper belts of the mentioned range, as thoroughly discussed. To ensure nomenclatural stability, it is proposed to set aside the existing holotype and to designate the studied male as neotype.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular responses to progressive hypoxia in ducks native to high altitude in the Andes

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (5) ◽  
pp. jeb211250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine L. Laguë ◽  
Catherine M. Ivy ◽  
Julia M. York ◽  
Beverly A. Chua ◽  
Luis Alza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Progressive Hypoxia

Structure, dynamics, home range and activity pattern of mixed-species bird flocks in a montane alder-dominated secondary forest in Ecuador

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bent Otto Poulsen
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Individual Identification ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Structure Dynamics ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Mixed Species Flocks

ABSTRACTTwo mixed-species bird flocks were studied in a high-altitude humid secondary forest in the Andes of Ecuador. Birds were mist-netted and colour-ringed for individual identification. The flocks (A and B) were followed to record structure, dynamics, home range and activity pattern. All observations of the two flocks studied included members from all vertical levels, which is different from flocks of Amazonia. In two nucleus species, some individuals alternated between the flocks, a feature not previously reported. Various tanagers were loosely associated, joining and leaving flocks. Minimum home-range sizes of flocks A and B were 4.2 ha and 7.8 ha, respectively. Some individuals of two species used an area encompassing the home ranges of both flocks. Mean flock sizes in A and B were 21.7 and 44.7 individuals, whereas the mean numbers of species were 13.7 and 21.7, respectively. Number of species and individuals were high compared to even most lowland flocks. Altogether, mixed-species flocks in different habitats and at various latitudinal and altitudinal sites appear to have some features in common, but others are highly distinct. Compared to the great stability of Amazonian flocks, some high-altitude flocks of secondary forest in the Andes appear to be more dynamic and unstable.

scholarly journals Hydrological differentiation and spatial distribution of high altitude wetlands in a semi-arid Andean region derived from satellite data

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1287-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Otto ◽  
D. Scherer ◽  
J. Richters
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Austral Winter ◽  
Andean Region ◽  
Study Region ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. High Altitude Wetlands of the Andes (HAWA) are unique types of wetlands within the semi-arid high Andean region. Knowledge about HAWA has been derived mainly from studies at single sites within different parts of the Andes at only small time scales. On the one hand HAWA depend on water provided by glacier streams, snow melt or precipitation. On the other hand, they are suspected to influence hydrology through water retention and vegetation growth altering stream flow velocity. We derived HAWA land cover from satellite data at regional scale and analysed changes in connection with precipitation over the last decade. Perennial and temporal HAWA subtypes can be distinguished by seasonal changes of photosynthetically active vegetation (PAV) indicating the perennial or temporal availability of water during the year. HAWA have been delineated within a region of 11 000 km2 situated in the Northwest of Lake Titicaca. The multi temporal classification method used Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Differenced Infrared Index (NDII) data derived from two Landsat ETM+ scenes at the end of austral winter (September 2000) and at the end of austral summer (May 2001). The mapping result indicates an unexpected high abundance of HAWA covering about 800 km2 of the study region (6%). Annual HAWA mapping was computed using NDVI 16-day composites of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Analyses on the reletation between HAWA and precipitation was based on monthly precipitation data of the Tropical Rain Measurement Mission (TRMM 3B43) and MODIS Eight Day Maximum Snow Extent data (MOD10A2) from 2000 to 2010. We found HAWA subtype specific dependencies to precipitation conditions. Strong relation exists between perennial HAWA and snow fall (r2: 0.82) in dry austral winter months (June to August) and between temporal HAWA and precipitation (r2: 0.75) during austral summer (March to May). Annual spatial patterns of perennial HAWA indicated spatial alteration of water supply for PAV up to several hundred metres at a single HAWA site.

scholarly journals Discovery of the world’s highest-dwelling mammal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay F. Storz ◽  
Marcial Quiroga-Carmona ◽  
Juan C. Opazo ◽  
Thomas Bowen ◽  
Matthew Farson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Range Limits ◽  
Northern Chile ◽  
World Record ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Physiological Tolerances ◽  
Video Documentation ◽  
Environmental Limits

AbstractEnvironmental limits of animal life are invariably revised upwards when the animals themselves are investigated in their natural habitats. Here we report results of a scientific mountaineering expedition to survey the high-altitude rodent fauna of Volcán Llullaillaco in the Puna de Atacama of northern Chile, an effort motivated by video documentation of mice (genus Phyllotis) at a record altitude of 6205 m. Among numerous trapping records at altitudes >5000 m, we captured a specimen of the yellow-rumped leaf-eared mouse (Phyllotis xanthopygus rupestris) on the very summit of Llullaillaco at 6739 m. This summit specimen represents an altitudinal world record for mammals, far surpassing all specimen-based records from the Himalayas and elsewhere in the Andes. This discovery suggests that we may have generally underestimated the altitudinal range limits and physiological tolerances of small mammals simply because the world’s highest summits remain relatively unexplored by biologists.

scholarly journals Convergent changes in muscle metabolism depend on duration of high-altitude ancestry across Andean waterfowl

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal J Dawson ◽  
Luis Alza ◽  
Gabriele Nandal ◽  
Graham R Scott ◽  
Kevin G McCracken
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Hexokinase Activity ◽  
Biochemical Pathways ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Hydroxyacyl Coa Dehydrogenase ◽  
Low Altitude

High-altitude environments require that animals meet the metabolic O2 demands for locomotion and thermogenesis in O2-thin air, but the degree to which convergent metabolic changes have arisen across independent high-altitude lineages or the speed at which such changes arise is unclear. We examined seven high-altitude waterfowl that have inhabited the Andes (3812–4806 m elevation) over varying evolutionary time scales, to elucidate changes in biochemical pathways of energy metabolism in flight muscle relative to low-altitude sister taxa. Convergent changes across high-altitude taxa included increased hydroxyacyl-coA dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities, decreased lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase, and cytochrome c oxidase activities, and increased myoglobin content. ATP synthase activity increased in only the longest established high-altitude taxa, whereas hexokinase activity increased in only newly established taxa. Therefore, changes in pathways of lipid oxidation, glycolysis, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation are common strategies to cope with high-altitude hypoxia, but some changes require longer evolutionary time to arise.

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