Global Polygons For Terrain Classification Divided Into Uniform Slopes And Basins

Global terrain classification data have been used for various issues that are known to be related to topography, such as estimation of soil types, estimation of Vs30, and creation of seismic hazard maps. However, due to the resolution of the DEMs used, the terrain classification data from previous studies could not discriminate small landforms, such as narrow valley bottom plains, and small-rises within the plains. We created a global polygon dataset of the shapefile format divided into uniform slopes from slope gradients and HAND (height above the nearest drainage) calculated using the 90m spatial resolution MERIT DEM, and combined this data with the unit catchments of MERIT-Basins. This dataset contains the calculated terrain measurements (slope gradient, HAND, surface texture, local convexity, Sinks) and polygon areas as attributes, as well as the ID number of the MERIT-Basins’ unit catchment. In addition, the results of k-means clustering using slope gradient, HAND, and surface texture, which can be joined with the dataset as a simple terrain classification, are also available. This dataset can be used as a proxy and is expected to contribute to the modeling and estimation of various points that are known to be related to topography.

MORPHODYNAMIC CLASSIFICATION OF CHANNEL OF SUKIL RIVER

The morphodynamic classification of the Sukil river channel made it possible to determine the hydromorphological processes and to study the factors that determine them. The channel was classified according to the method of R.S. Chalov. Three main classification criteria were taken into account: the geomorphological type of conditions for the formation of the channel; the type of channel processes; the mophrodynamic type of channel. According to the geomorphological type of channel-forming conditions, the channel is divided into the incised channel – located mainly in mountainous and semi-mountainous parts with a characteristic the narrow valley, laid in sandstones, siltstones, and argillites; confined channel – located in intermountain basins, with one bank of channel composed of bedrock, and the other – of Quaternary sediments; wide-floodplain channel – mainly located in the lower part of the channel on the Stryi-Zhydachiv basin, laid in the Quaternary deposits of loams and sands. According to the type of channel processes, the channels with developed alluvial forms and without developed alluvial forms are dominant. Together they make up 2/3 of the channel. Other types of channels are wide-floodplain – characterized by slow flow and stable development of the meandering process, and rapid-waterfall – located in the upper reaches of the channel. The latter is characterized by a stormy current and the presence of numerous rapids made of boulders and wood. There are 3 main morphodynamic types of the channel – meandering, branched, and straightforward, and 6 their subtypes. Meandering, incised channels are characterized by structural meanders, their shores are composed of hard rocks, mostly sandstones. The meandering confined channels are defined by the root bank in the apical part and the upper wing along the root bank, which leads to the formation of segmental and blockage convolutions. Meandering, broad-flooded channels are characterized by longitudinal displacement of meanders, their convolutions are segmented, rarely loop-shaped. The coefficient of meandering gradually increases from the mountainous part of the channel to the plain one (1.10–1.35). Branched type is represented by a single complex and floodplain-channel subtypes. The size of the islands that divide the channel into arms is from a few meters to 350–400 m. The straightforward type of channel is widespread and is 1/3 of the total length of the river. Key words: channel type; straightforward; branched; meandering; incised; confined; floodplain.

New Insights on Flood Mapping Procedure: Two Case Studies in Poland

The use of the Mike11 one-dimensional (1D) hydraulic model, together with official hydrology, represents a standard approach of the National Water Management Authority (NWMA) in Poland for flood mapping procedures. A different approach, based on the hydrological Event-Based Approach for Small and Ungauged Basins (EBA4SUB) model and the Flood-2 Dimensional (FLO-2D) hydraulic model has here been investigated as an alternative procedure. For the analysis, two mountainous rivers in Poland were selected: Kamienica Nawojowska is characterized by a narrow valley, while Skawinka has a broad valley. It was found that the flood zones can enormously differ locally, with larger zones generated by the Mike11/NWMA model in some cases and by the EBA4SUB/FLO-2D model in other situations. The benefits of using the two-dimensional (2D) model are consistent in areas without drainage and where the connection to the main channel is insufficient. The use of 1D modeling is preferred for the possibility of mapping the entire river network in a short computational time.

Exit jet in a narrow Pyrenean valley: the Aure Valley 2018 field experiment

<p>A field experiment took place from July to October 2018 in a narrow valley of the central Pyrenees in order to study local flows and their impacts. <br><span>This field experiment is a join</span><span>t</span><span> effort by CNRM, Laboratoire d'Aerologie and University of the Balearic Islands. It </span><span>emerged </span><span>from</span><span> a </span><span>recent</span><span> numerical study done by the University of the Balearic Islands (Jim</span><span>é</span><span>nez et al.</span><span> 2019</span><span>).<br></span><span>T</span><span>his study suggest</span><span>s </span><span>that under clear-sky conditions a jet forms in the valley and can be observed </span><span>several kilometers</span><span> away from the valley exit.</span></p><p><span>Several i</span><span>nstruments includ</span><span>ing </span><span>a Doppler scanning lida</span><span>r </span><span>and three </span><span>meteorological</span><span> stations were deployed on </span><span>the</span><span> main site at the valley exit</span><span>,</span><span> where the jet maximum is expected</span><span>,</span><span> and </span><span>on </span><span>two other sites up valley.</span><span> Data from the Atmospheric Research Center (</span><span>part o</span><span>f </span><span>the Pyrenean Platfor</span><span>m</span><span> for the Observation of the Atmosphere</span><span> P2OA</span><span>) </span><span>in</span><span> Lannemezan are also used. They include radio-soundings </span><span>specifically planned for</span><span> the field experiment. This instrumented platform of Laboratoire d'Aerologie</span><span>,</span><span> located about 10 km away from the valley exit, is an important asset for the </span><span>project.</span></p><p>An overview of the field experiment as well as the valley exit jet main features will be presented. A comparison with outputs from the NWP model AROME will be also shown.</p>

Fluvial incised networks on top of late Ordovician interglacial valley buried hills as the result of post glacial isostatic rebound; 3D seismic input

<p>It is classically assume that prior to deep glacial valleys incision below large scale ice cap, often interpreted as the results of ice flow melting during tidewater period, the initial glacial topography was flat or very low angle and created during a major phase of cold glaciers advance as suggested by quaternary studies. Therefore up to now we have assume that the top of late Ordovician buried hills separating major glacial valleys was the remains of this flat surface truncating the pre-glacial Ordovician Hawaz series, later on flooded by the Lower Silurian. Surprisingly by reinterpreting 3D seismic cubes using spectral decomposition technics on the Murzuk basin in SE Libya, it appears that the top of buried hills are not at all characterized by a flat erosional surface, but it is strongly irregular and shows the development of narrow valley networks displaying the classical dendritic erosional pattern diagnostic of fluvial erosion. These small valleys are organized into a tributary network and don’t flow toward the ice margin, i.e. toward the N-NW but most of the time flow at right angle toward the adjacent main glacial valleys which are pointing toward the NW. These narrow valley networks in this context could be either glacial tunnel valleys located at the periphery of the ice cap in close relationships with glacial fronts (their common settings) or could correspond to fluvial valleys developed later on, in a subaerial setting at some distance from glacial fronts; we retain this second interpretation because in addition to the geomorphic features: (1) they flow parallel to the fronts that we have already recognized, Moreau et al. (2005), Rubino et al.  2007 and (2) they are suspended in the sense that these lateral networks do not reach the bottom of the main glacial valley but, they appear to be connected within the upper part of the glacial infill, immediately below the early Silurian post glacial flooding characterized by the well-known Rhuddanian hot shales. As a result, the incision of the valley network appears quite late in the ice cap melting history. It is why we tend to interpret these valleys erosion as the result of post glacial melting during ice retreat at some distance from the ice front and strongly enhanced by isostatic rebound. Some possible modern analogs of such valley fringing highs may exist in Artic Canadian islands.</p>

Prosperity through Tourists in Lamjung District: An Anthropological Outlook

The study areas of anthropology have been growing day by day. Therefore, it has concerned with various parts of society such as sanitation, water supply, poverty, traditional practice, folk music, tourism etc as multidisciplinary areas. In fact, anthropology and tourism are co-evolutionary process in the path of their developments because they help each other in many ways. Traditionally, tourism and tourist are major anthropological sources of information to analyse the situation of then and present society and culture. Similarly, tourist can enjoy visiting any places by learning anthropological knowledge and findings. Methodologically, this is based on field observation, interview and other secondary sources to analyse the scenario. After the introduction of democracy in Nepal, she has been opened to outsiders. As a result, Sir Edmund Hillary as foreigner visited Nepal. Hillary with Tenzing Norgy Sherpa successfully climbed the Mount Everest in 29 May, 1953 at the first time. Then the glorious name of Nepal has become famous in the world. The tourism industries have been initiated from Thamel, Solukhumbo, Pokhara and then gradually extended in other parts of the country. Tourism at present period has popular pursuit in several parts of Nepal involving from hotel, lodge, guide, restaurant, expedition to home stay and other businesses. Lamjung has own identity in tourism perspective. The Ghalegaun is famous in SAARC level as model program for the home stay concept. From perennial snow peaks, biodiversity to natural forest of rhododendron in mountain to hill parts in the north and plain narrow valley in the south to develop cultural lives can be observed there. Lamjung has been enriched in different culture, fest and festivals. Paudure dance among the Kumal, bees hunting in steep slope rocky hills to Rodi in the Gurung have their own identity popular in the district.

Contextualisation of the Early Iron Age hoard of bronze objects discovered in Gdynia-Karwiny, site 1

After the amateur discovery of a hoard of bronze ornaments (a kidney bracelet and two hollow ankle rings) in 2014 in a forest near Gdynia (Pomerania, northern Poland), the place was subjected to excavation. It turned out that in the nearest context of the bronzes (which had been found arranged one on top of the other in a narrow pit reaching 60 cm in depth) there was a cluster of stones, some of which could have been arranged intentionally in order to mark the place of the deposit. Next to this alleged stone circle there was a deep hearth used to heat stones, and for burning amber as incense. Remains of amber were preserved in the form of lumps and probably also as a deposit on the walls of some vessels. Some of the features of the examined complex may indicate a non-profane nature of the deposit: the presence of the stone structure, traces of burning amber, the location of the deposition spot in a not very habitable flattening of a narrow valley, as well as the chemical composition of the alloy of metals themselves. The ornaments were made of a porous copper alloy with a high addition of lead, antimony and arsenic, which could promote their fragility and poor use value. However, the ceramics found near the place where the bronzes are deposited do not differ from the settlement pottery of the time. The hoard and its context should be dated to the transition phase between the periods HaC1 and HaC2 (the turn of the 8th and 7th cent. BC). The Gdynia-Karwiny deposit adds to the list of finds from a period marked by the most frequent occurrence of hoards in Pomerania (turn of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age). Its research seems to contribute to the interpretation of the deposition of metal objects as a phenomenon primarily of a ritual nature, and at the same time a social behaviour: a manifestation of competition for prestige.