HIV-permissive cells from solid tissues: Cytokine induction and effects

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dolei ◽  
C. Serra ◽  
A. Biolchini ◽  
S. Curreli ◽  
P. Marongiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytokine Induction ◽  
Solid Tissues

Selective Staining of Acid Mucopolysaccharides By Ruthenium Red

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 38-39
Author(s):  
J. H. Luft
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Selective Staining ◽  
Pectic Substances ◽  
Solid Tissues

Ruthenium red is one of the few completely inorganic dyes used to stain tissues for light microscopy. This novelty is enhanced by ignorance regarding its staining mechanism. However, its continued usefulness in botany for demonstrating pectic substances attests to selectivity of some sort. Whether understood or not, histochemists continue to be grateful for small favors.Ruthenium red can also be used with the electron microscope. If single cells are exposed to ruthenium red solution, sufficient mass can be bound to produce observable density in the electron microscope. Generally, this effect is not useful with solid tissues because the contrast is wasted on the damaged cells at the block surface, with little dye diffusing more than 25-50 μ into the interior. Although these traces of ruthenium red which penetrate between and around cells are visible in the light microscope, they produce negligible contrast in the electron microscope. However, its presence can be amplified by a reaction with osmium tetroxide, probably catalytically, to be easily visible by EM. Now the density is clearly seen to be extracellular and closely associated with collagen fibers (Fig. 1).

Motility of leukemic lymphocytes

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-369
Author(s):  
Manoj Raje ◽  
Karvita B. Ahluwalia
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Laser Doppler Velocimetry ◽  
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Cellular Space ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Poorly Differentiated ◽  
Solid Tissues ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Reduced Mobility

In Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia motility of lymphocytes is associated with dissemination of malignancy and establishment of metastatic foci. Normal and leukemic lymphocytes in circulation reach solid tissues where due to in adequate perfusion some cells get trapped among tissue spaces. Although normal lymphocytes reenter into circulation leukemic lymphocytes are thought to remain entrapped owing to reduced mobility and form secondary metastasis. Cell surface, transmembrane interactions, cytoskeleton and level of cell differentiation are implicated in lymphocyte mobility. An attempt has been made to correlate ultrastructural information with quantitative data obtained by Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). TEM of normal & leukemic lymphocytes revealed heterogeneity in cell populations ranging from well differentiated (Fig. 1) to poorly differentiated cells (Fig. 2). Unlike other cells, surface extensions in differentiated lymphocytes appear to originate by extrusion of large vesicles in to extra cellular space (Fig. 3). This results in persistent unevenness on lymphocyte surface which occurs due to a phenomenon different from that producing surface extensions in other cells.

COVID-19 pathophysiology: interactions of gut microbiome, melatonin, vitamin D, stress, kynurenine and the alpha 7 nicotinic receptor: Treatment implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Anderson ◽  
Russel J Reiter
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Cytokine Induction ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Pulmonary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Alpha 7

As data emerges on the pathophysiological underpinnings of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2, it is clear that there are considerable variations in its susceptibility and severity/fatality, which give indications as to its pathophysiology and treatment. SARS-CoV-2 modulatory factors include age, vitamin D levels, cigarette smoking, gender and ethnicity as well as premorbid medical conditions, including diabetes, cancer, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and immune-compromised conditions. A complex picture is emerging, with an array of systemic physiological processes interacting including circadian, immune, intestinal, CNS and coagulation factors. This article reviews data on SARS-CoV-2 pathoetiology and pathophysiology. It is proposed that a decrease in pineal and systemic melatonin is an important driver of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and severity, with the loss of pineal melatonin's induction of the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) in pulmonary epithelial cells and immune cells being a powerful regulator of susceptibility and severity, respectively. Stress, including discrimination stress, and decreased vitamin D also regulate SARS-CoV-2, including via gut dysbiosis and permeability, with a resultant decrease in the short-chain fatty acid, butyrate, and increase in circulating lipopolysaccharide. Stress and cytokine induction of the kynurenine pathways, leads to aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation, which primes platelets for heightened activity, coagulation and thrombin production, thereby driving elevations in thrombin that underpin many SARS-CoV-2 fatalities. On the basis of these pathophysiological changes, prophylactic and symptomatic treatments are proposed, including the use of melatonin and α7nAChR agonism. 

scholarly journals Possible zinc deficiency in the Serbian population: examination of body fluids, whole blood and solid tissues

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Jagodić ◽  
Branislav Rovčanin ◽  
Slavica Borković-Mitić ◽  
Ljiljana Vujotić ◽  
Viacheslav Avdin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Solid Tissues

scholarly journals Embryonic age influences the capacity for cytokine induction in chicken thymocytes

Immunology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle A. Peters ◽  
Glenn F. Browning ◽  
Elizabeth A. Washington ◽  
Brendan S. Crabb ◽  
Pete Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Cytokine Induction

scholarly journals Immunoglobulin A1 Protease, an Exoenzyme of Pathogenic Neisseriae, Is a Potent Inducer of Proinflammatory Cytokines

1999 ◽  
Vol 190 (8) ◽  
pp. 1049-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk R. Lorenzen ◽  
Frank Düx ◽  
Uwe Wölk ◽  
Anastasios Tsirpouchtsidis ◽  
Gaby Haas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Native Form ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Potent Inducer ◽  
Cytokine Induction ◽  
Regulatory Cytokine ◽  
Iga1 Protease ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor

A characteristic of human pathogenic Neisseriae is the production and secretion of an immunoglobulin (Ig)A1-specific serine protease (IgA1 protease) that cleaves preferentially human IgA1 and other target proteins. Here we show a novel function for native IgA1 protease, i.e., the induction of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The capacity of IgA1 protease to elicit such cytokine responses in monocytes was enhanced in the presence of T lymphocytes. IgA1 protease did not induce the regulatory cytokine IL-10, which was, however, found in response to lipopolysaccharide and phytohemagglutinin. The immunomodulatory effects caused by IgA1 protease require a native form of the enzyme, and denaturation abolished cytokine induction. However, the proteolytic activity is not required for the cytokine induction by IgA1 protease. Our results indicate that IgA1 protease exhibits important immunostimulatory properties and may contribute substantially to the pathogenesis of neisserial infections by inducing large amounts of TNF-α and other proinflammatory cytokines. In particular, IgA1 protease may represent a key virulence determinant of bacterial meningitis.

scholarly journals Endotoxin and muropeptides from E. coli synergize in cytokine induction in human whole blood

Shock ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
T. Hartung ◽  
C. Hermann ◽  
H-J. Hoeltje ◽  
A. Wendel
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Human Whole Blood ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cytokine Induction

scholarly journals Measurement of Serum, Liver, and Brain Cytokine Induction, Thiamine Levels, and Hepatopathology in Rats Exposed to a 4-Day Alcohol Binge Protocol

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 1858-1870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie M. Zahr ◽  
Richard Luong ◽  
Edith V. Sullivan ◽  
Adolf Pfefferbaum
Keyword(s):  
Cytokine Induction
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