An empirical examination of the role of vertical product differentiation in north-south trade

1992 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Ballance ◽  
Helmut Forstner ◽  
W. Charles Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Product Differentiation ◽  
Vertical Product Differentiation ◽  
Empirical Examination

Innovation in the Seed Market: The Role of IPRs and Commercialization Rules

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Baudry ◽  
Adrien Hervouet
Keyword(s):  
Product Differentiation ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Vertical Product Differentiation ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Sequential Innovation ◽  
Seed Market ◽  
Second Category ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Compulsory Registration

AbstractThis article deals with the impact of legal rules on incentives in the seeds sector to create new plant varieties. The first category of rules consists in intellectual property rights and is intended to address a problem of sequential innovation and R&D effort. The second category concerns commercial rules that are intended to correct a problem of adverse selection. We propose a dynamic model of market equilibrium with vertical product differentiation that enables us to take into account the economic consequences of imposing either Plant Breeders’ Rights (PBRs) or patents as IPRs and either compulsory registration in a catalog or minimum standards as commercialization rules. The main result is that the combination of catalog registration and PBRs adopted in Europe is hardly supported by the model calibrated on data for wheat in France.

Mergers in Indian public sector banks: can human resource practices ensure effective implementation of change?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richa Singh ◽  
Geetika Goel ◽  
Piyali Ghosh ◽  
Saitab Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Resistance To Change ◽  
Change Implementation ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Public Sector Banks ◽  
Hr Practices ◽  
Effective Change

PurposeThis study examines the link of effective change implementation (CIE) with select human resource (HR) practices and employees' resistance to change (RTC) amidst ongoing mergers in Indian public sector banks (PSBs). It also intends to highlight the role of RTC as a mediator in this mechanism.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used a structured questionnaire administered through a survey of employees of select PSBs that have undergone mergers. The hypothesized relationships were tested on 220 responses with structural equation modelling.FindingsTraining and communication of change as HR practices were found to have significant effects in implementing change. RTC fully mediated the relationship of training and CIE, and partially mediated the association of communication and CIE. Communication had a stronger influence on RTC than training. This finding upholds the importance of communication but also implies that training can reinforce effective communication of change and may not affect the implementation if not directed towards handling resistance.Practical implicationsThe significance of communication as a finding supports the theory of planned behaviour. The authors’ results also align with the social exchange theory and can be extended to the job demands-resources model. PSBs may plan for phase-wise training initiatives starting from the announcement till the end of a merger. PSBs also need to effectively communicate all relevant HR issues to employees, thus being transparent and fair. Both online and offline modes of communication can be explored. Overall, the senior management has to imbibe the handholding of employees in the short term and a sense of empathy in the longer term.Originality/valueResearch on HR in Indian banking mergers seems to take a back seat vis-à-vis strategic issues and financial performance. There also is a limited empirical examination of the role of HR practices in effective change implementation. This paper addresses both these issues by proposing a conceptual model and empirically validating it amidst the merger of PSBs. The authors also highlight how training and communication are effective in handling resistance to change.

Gli standard privati di sicurezza alimentare: un modello di teoria dei contratti per l'analisi degli aspetti organizzativi e promozionali

2012 ◽  
pp. 85-105
Author(s):  
Antonella Di Fonzo ◽  
Maria Angela Perito ◽  
Carlo Russo
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Product Differentiation ◽  
Diversification Strategy ◽  
Private Standards ◽  
Food Distributors ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Large Distribution ◽  
Current Behavior

In recent years, large food distributors poured considerable effort in the definition of private standards of food safety for their products. Despite these efforts, medium and large retailers have yet to begin advertising to their consumers the adoption of such standards and, in doing so, do not actively pursue a diversification strategy for their products. This behavior seems paradoxical as large retailers would benefit from product differentiation. This article focuses on the role of standards in the coordination of the supply channels and proposes a theoretical model that gives an economic motivation to the current behavior of large retailers. The first objective of this study is to demonstrate how the adoption of standards is a rational choice for large retailers, even in the case in which consumers are not willing to pay for food safety. The reason is that standards can also be used to solve information asymmetry problems and organize the supply chain. Secondly, the theoretical model of contracts suggests that, investments related to the promotion of standards to the consumers, might, under certain conditions, undermine the profits of the large distribution.

scholarly journals Determinantes de la adopción de estándares en el subsector hortícola del Noroeste de México.

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Martínez R. ◽  
Belem Avendaño R. ◽  
Ana Acosta M.
Keyword(s):  
Product Differentiation ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Northwestern Region ◽  
Northwestern Mexico ◽  
Northwest Region

<p>La producción de hortalizas en la región Noroeste de México es una actividad económica relevante, lo cual se atribuye a factores naturales como el clima, calidad de los suelos y la cercanía al mercado de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica. Es evidente la creación de ventajas competitivas mediante la diferenciación del producto, por su calidad, a través de la aplicación de normas. La adopción de estándares es una práctica generalizada, sin embargo no está cuantificado el rol de las instituciones en estos procesos y su contribución a aumentar o inhibir los niveles de adopción de los mismos. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los factores que mas influyen en la implementación de grados y estándares en el sector hortícola en la región noroeste de México. Para la medición de la adopción se utilizó un modelo logit que permite determinar el efecto de las variables del entorno microeconómico que incide en la adopción de estándares. Se concluye que los cambios en los sistemas de producción mediante la aplicación de buenas prácticas agrícolas y las organizaciones de productores con actividades de capacitación, seguimiento y acompañamiento son lo que han contribuido en mayor forma al proceso de adopción de estándares por parte de las empresas productoras de hortalizas.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Determinants of the adoption of standards in the horticulture subsector of Northwestern Mexico.</strong></p><p>Vegetable production in the northwestern region of Mexico is an important economic activity; this is attributed to natural factors such as climate, soil quality, and proximity to the U.S. market. Clearly, the creation of competitive advantages gained by product differentiation, while maintaining quality, is extremely important and can be achieved through the application of standards. The adoption of standards is widespread; however, the role of institutions in these processes and their contribution to enhancing or inhibiting levels of implementation has not yet been quantified. The aim of this paper is to analyze the factors that most influence the execution of grades and standards in the horticultural industry in the northwest region of Mexico. Implementation levels were measured using a logit model that determined the effect of microenvironmental variables on them. The paper concludes that changes in production systems through the application of good agricultural practices and changes in organizations through training, monitoring, and support are what have helped companies that produce vegetables adopt and implement more standards.</p>

How and Where Does Populism Thrive?

2019 ◽  
pp. 133-188
Author(s):  
Takis S. Pappas
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Social Unit ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
The People ◽  
Postwar Europe

Chapter 4 answers the question: How, and where, does populism rise to power? through an empirical examination of the concepts and theories established in earlier chapters It begins with an elaborate analysis of the most important cases of populist emergence in postwar Europe and Latin America (including, in order of historical appearance, Argentina, Greece, Peru, Italy, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Hungary) and continues, in counterfactual fashion, with two nation cases, Brazil and Spain, in which populism could have grown strong, but did not. This is followed by an analysis of modern U.S. populism in a comparative perspective. American populism, in particular, offers several insights, especially into the role of extraordinary radical leadership and the complexities of dealing with the “people” as an ostensibly homogeneous social unit in an otherwise heterogeneous society.

Empirical examination of the role of fintech in monetary policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 620-640
Author(s):  
Muhammad Z. Mumtaz ◽  
Zachary A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Empirical Examination
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