Suicide attempts with a focus on Europe

The comparison of international statistics on suicide attempts across European countries is challenged by differences in definitions and the lack of compulsory registration. Among studies, the WHO/EURO multicentre study on parasuicide provided comprehensive data on both the occurrence and background factors of suicide attempts in different European countries. Besides the WHO/EURO study, this text summarizes findings from other clinical and community surveys as well as nationwide register data. Additionally, data about the relationship between different components of the suicidal spectrum by examining the WHO Multisite Intervention Study on Suicidal Behaviours (SUPRE-MISS) is presented. Peculiarities of the inter-European variation in patterns and trends of the phenomenon and various social and psychiatric determinants are also described. The WHO/EURO study was continued as the MONSUE (monitoring suicidal behaviour in Europe) study, which supplied even more detailed data on specific risk groups. These can then be supported by tailor-made suicide prevention strategies.

Zadżumione miasto. Sztokholm wobec zarazy w latach 1710–1711

Plague city. Stockholm and the plague of 1710 The epidemic of plague in Stockholm between 1710 and 1711 was part of a great pandemic that devastated Eastern, Central, and Northern Europe in the first decade of the century and, at the same time, was the greatest demographic catastrophe in the history of the Swedish capital, as a result of which around 40% of the city’s population died. The first cases of plague appeared at the start of 1710; the peak of infections and deaths was in the autumn (October and November); in winter, the disease lessened and the last cases occurred in February 1711. It is estimated that the number of deaths reached 22,000. The suburbs and the poorest districts suffered most. Scarcity and famine, which struck Sweden at the end of the first decade of the XVIIIth century, fostered the rapid spread of the disease in the city and the high rate of mortality. The plague was also fostered by the effects of the war conducted by Charles XII and, particularly, the defeats suffered by the Swedish army and the seizure of the Baltic provinces by Peter the Great, which led to migrations from already plague-infected regions and worsened the already poor sanitary conditions in the city. Refugees from Estonia probably brought the plague to Stockholm. The Swedish authorities undertook measures against any epidemic as early as 1708 after receiving information about the spread of plague on the northern shores of the Baltic. These were limited to monitoring the movement of population. In 1709, quarantine was introduced for arrivals. After the first cases of plague in Stockholm regulations concerning people’s movements were made more strict, epidemic services were set up, and sanitary and public order directives were issued. Announcement of the plague was delayed until mid-September, when the number of deaths rose hugely, and it was obvious that the authorities were not in a position to control the spread of the epidemic. The city was closed, an ordinance against plague was issued regulating especially issues connected with health certificates, travel restrictions, maintaining cleanliness in houses and on the streets, compulsory registration and isolation of the sick, organization of interments, and the use of disinfectants and medicines. The reaction of the Stockholm authorities to the appearance of plague in the city reflected the actions of other Baltic cities struggling with plague at the same time.

The Impact of Taxpayer’s Realization of the Determinants of Applying Value Added Tax on Tax awareness in Saudi Arabia: A Case Study in Tabuk region: أثر إدراك المكلفين لمحددات تطبيق ضريبة القيمة المضافة على الوعي الضريبي في المملكة العربية السعودية: دراسة على منطقة تبوك

This study aims to identify the impact of taxpayer’s realization of the determinants of applying value added tax on tax awareness in the Saudi Arabia and applied early in 2018. In the light of reviewing the related studies, VAT system, and VAT implementing regulation, a questionnaire about VAT determinants was designed and disseminated to 88 VAT payers in Tabuk region. After analyzing data, this study revealed that applying VAT can be affected by a group of determinants (tax rate, compulsory registration limit, fines, payments, accounting basis, payment method, tax self-censorship, organizational structure of tax administration, learning and training, voluntary registration. This study also revealed that there is a statistically significant effect of taxpayer’s realization of legislation determinants (tax rate, compulsory registration method, fines, payments) and technical determinants (accounting basis, payment method, tax self-censorship) on tax awareness. In light of study results, we recommend to increasing tax knowledge attention, expanding its tools at all school education stages, and increasing the expansion of tax knowledge and dissemination culture at the higher education stage to increase tax awareness.

2. The structure of land law

This chapter discusses the origins and structure of modern land law, tracing the development of two kinds of estates and interests: at common law and in equity. It discusses the meaning of estates in land, and legal and equitable rights; examines the differences between the two; and explains why it matters whether a right in land is legal or equitable. The different effects of legal and equitable interests on purchasers of land are noted, because common law acts in rem and equity in personam. This gave rise to the doctrine of notice. The reforms introduced by the 1925 Property Acts are explained, including reduction of legal estates in land to two: the fee simple absolute in possession (freehold) and term of years absolute (leasehold)—Law of Property Act 1925, s. 1(1). Registration of land charges partially reformed the doctrine of notice, and overreaching was introduced. The Land Registration Act 1925 introduced compulsory registration of title; there are now two systems: registered and unregistered land.

Western Establishment or Chinese Sovereignty? The Tientsin Anglo-Chinese College during the Restore Educational Rights Movement, 1924–7

The 1920s were a vital period for the evolution of Christianity in China, during which the Anti-Christian Movement of 1922–7 brought Christianity under serious attack. A new conception of nationalism, influenced by Lenin's theory of imperialism, dramatically changed the way in which Christianity (and especially mission schools) was regarded, from being viewed as a positive factor in China's modernization to being seen as a hated cultural imperialist invasion. The period from 1924 to 1927 featured the demand for the restoration of educational rights, during which the identity of mission schools was used to stir up nationalist hatred. This article takes Tientsin Anglo-Chinese College (TACC) of the London Missionary Society (LMS) as a case study. It examines how the TACC missionary authorities responded to nationalistic sentiments emerging within the college and in society, and how they reacted towards the compulsory registration and consequent abolition of compulsory school religious education. It explores key issues behind the interaction between mission schools and the socio-political context, such as how TACC reconstructed its identity during the process of school registration, and how it negotiated with the Ministry of Education under the tension between two divergent approaches of Christianizing and nationalizing mission schools, a tension which became acute as a consequence of the application of regulations making school religious education and practice optional.

Half-Hearted Inception, Miserable Existence, and the Untimely Death of the Bloggers' Register in Russia

The Russian Federation joins a list of countries where violence and terrorism often have a religious and an ethnic basis, and where the authorities seek ways to deal with the issue of online hate speech. In this context, in May 2014 the Russian Parliament enacted Federal Law No 97-FZ (the Bloggers’ Law). This legislation required the compulsory registration of all popular bloggers with the country's internet regulatory agency, Roskomnadzor, thereby forcing the disclosure of their real identities. The Bloggers’ Law has been widely criticised, however, and although the internet community is still engaged in a heated discussion over whether there exists a legal right to online anonymity, the law made anonymous blogging in Russia a daunting undertaking. The Bloggers’ Law was repealed in the second half of 2017, and updating of the ‘Bloggers’ Register’ ceased. This article attempts to (i) analyse the context and the reasoning behind the introduction of the Bloggers’ Register; (ii) disentangle the relevant legal provisions; and (iii) assess its effectiveness, drawing conclusions based on events in the Russian blogosphere during the period 2014–17.

The Scope of State Genomic Registration Institution

The article explores the concept, goals and foundations of the state genomic registration in the context of the limitations of the scope of this institution. Pointing to the broad interpretation by the legislator of the concept of «state genomic registration», the author reveals the main directions of narrowing of the field of use of the registration mode (first of all, the target and subject plan); this draws attention to the need to establish a clear correlation between the institute of state genomic registration with other forms of accounting for genomic information, as well as the planned human genomic passportisation. The subject of special analysis is the problem of the expansion of cases of compulsory genomic registration, including the expediency of identifying the forced registration (as a type of compulsory registration).

2. The structure of land law

This chapter discusses the origins and structure of modern land law, tracing the development of two kinds of estates and interests: at common law and in equity. It discusses the meaning of estates in land, and legal and equitable rights; examines the differences between the two; and explains why it matters whether a right in land is legal or equitable. The different effects of legal and equitable interests on purchasers of land are noted, because common law acts in rem and equity in personam. This gave rise to the doctrine of notice. The reforms introduced by the 1925 Property Acts are explained, including reduction of legal estates in land to two: the fee simple absolute in possession (freehold) and term of years absolute (leasehold)—Law of Property act 1925 s. 1(1). Registration of land charges partially reformed the doctrine of notice, and overreaching was introduced. The Land Registration Act 1925 introduced compulsory registration of title; there are now two systems: registered and unregistered land.

STUDY OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MINISTER OF LAW AND HUMAN RULES REGARDING REGISTRATION AND GIVING IMMIGRATION FACILITIES FOR DOUBLE CITIZENS

This study is to analyse and review the implementation of the Law and Human Rights Minister’s Regulation about a registration and immigration facility for children with dual citizens’ status. Some problems arise as to provisions on the Law and Human Rights Minister’s Regulation Number 22 of 2012 on Procedures of a Registration for Children with Dual Citizens’ Status and Immigration Facility Application in accordance with the Law and Human Rights Minister’s Regulation Number 12247 of 2016 on Procedures of Indonesian Citizenship Application through an Electronic System. This study shows that the Law and Human Rights Minister’s Regulation needs areas of improvement pertaining to some categories of children with dual citizens’ status subject to the Indonesian Citizenship Law Number 12 of 2006, a compulsory registration for children with dual citizens’ status has yet no legal force and effect for those who violate it, no provisions regulate the validity of the certificate of registration but it is printed in the certificate and the card, and two terms “affidavit” and “immigration facility” may lead to ambiguity and have an effect on the process of citizenship status determination by someone who is at 18 or not exceeding 21 years old.