Innovation in the Seed Market: The Role of IPRs and Commercialization Rules

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Baudry ◽  
Adrien Hervouet
Keyword(s):  
Product Differentiation ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Vertical Product Differentiation ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Sequential Innovation ◽  
Seed Market ◽  
Second Category ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Compulsory Registration

AbstractThis article deals with the impact of legal rules on incentives in the seeds sector to create new plant varieties. The first category of rules consists in intellectual property rights and is intended to address a problem of sequential innovation and R&D effort. The second category concerns commercial rules that are intended to correct a problem of adverse selection. We propose a dynamic model of market equilibrium with vertical product differentiation that enables us to take into account the economic consequences of imposing either Plant Breeders’ Rights (PBRs) or patents as IPRs and either compulsory registration in a catalog or minimum standards as commercialization rules. The main result is that the combination of catalog registration and PBRs adopted in Europe is hardly supported by the model calibrated on data for wheat in France.

The Role of Threat and Economic Uncertainty in Support for Scottish Independence

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kopasker
Keyword(s):  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Constitutional Change ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Economic Expectations ◽  
Scottish Independence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Levels Of Support

Existing research has consistently shown that perceptions of the potential economic consequences of Scottish independence are vital to levels of support for constitutional change. This paper attempts to investigate the mechanism by which expectations of the economic consequences of independence are formed. A hypothesised causal micro-level mechanism is tested that relates constitutional preferences to the existing skill investments of the individual. Evidence is presented that larger skill investments are associated with a greater likelihood of perceiving economic threats from independence. Additionally, greater perceived threat results in lower support for independence. The impact of uncertainty on both positive and negative economic expectations is also examined. While uncertainty has little effect on negative expectations, it significantly reduces the likelihood of those with positive expectations supporting independence. Overall, it appears that a general economy-wide threat is most significant, and it is conjectured that this stems a lack of information on macroeconomic governance credentials.

scholarly journals The Role of Regional Government on Increasing Awareness of Legal Intellectual Property Rights Education and Education Personnel

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
Abdul Atsar ◽  
Wahyudin Fitriyana
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Education Personnel ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to find out and analyze what factors are causing a lack of awareness of educators and education personnel in Karawang Regency to register intellectual property rights; The impact of not registering the intellectual property rights of educators and education staff in Karawang regency and knowing the efforts made by the local government in increasing the awareness of legal IPR education and education personnel in Karawang Regency. The method in this study is to use an empirical juridical approach. The results of this study indicate that the factors that led to a lack of awareness of educators and education personnel in Karawang Regency to register IPRs were a lack of understanding of educators and education staff about the legal rules of intellectual property rights; Most educators and education personnel do not know what IPR is; Awards for IPR and compliance with IPR laws are still low.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis faktor-faktor apa yang menyebabkan kurangnya kesadaran pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan di Kabupaten Karawang untuk mendaftarkan hak kekayaan intelektual; Selanjutnya, dianalisis mengenai dampak dari tidak mendaftarkan hak kekayaan intelektual para pendidik dan staf pendidikan di Kabupaten Karawang, serta dimaksudkan juga untuk mengetahui upaya yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah daerah dalam meningkatkan kesadaran hukum pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan tentang Hak Kekayaan Intelektual di Kabupaten Karawang. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis empiris. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kurangnya kesadaran pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan di Kabupaten Karawang untuk mendaftarkan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual adalah kurangnya pemahaman pendidik dan staf pendidikan tentang aturan hukum hak kekayaan intelektual; Sebagian besar pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan tidak tahu apa itu Intellectual Property Rights. Selain itu, penghargaan untuk Hak Kekayaan Intelektual dan kepatuhan terhadap hukum Hak Kekayaan Intelektual masih rendah.

Impact of an Outbreak of Dengue Fever: A Case Study from Rural Puerto Rico

1997 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Torres
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
The People ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

This study documents the impact of an outbreak of dengue fever for the people who experienced the disease in Lares, a rural municipality in Puerto Rico. Symptomatology presented by reported cases of the fever corresponds to the clinical picture of the mild form of the dengue virus. The study utilizes a combined quantitative/qualitative methodological approach. The findings indicate that social status is a significant factor in terms of who is affected by the dengue fever. The impact of the outbreak was greater for poor communities in the urban and semi-rural areas, particularly for women who described themselves as housewives and mothers, and their children. Social expectations and the family's demands for these women to fulfill the role of caretaker superseded their own sick role. In addition, they experienced the greatest loss of time as a consequence of the outbreak. The main effect of the outbreak on work activities not traditionally remunerated with money, such as housework, was the inability of adult females in the household to perform their routine activities to maintain family life. Moreover, the monetary costs of health care absorbed a significant percentage of the household weekly income. The impact on psychological well-being was related to the stress produced by the clinical, social, and economic consequences of the outbreak for women. Implications of salient results for dengue fever prevention and control, as well as for the field of applied medical anthropology are discussed.

scholarly journals ESG: Research Progress and Future Prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 11663
Author(s):  
Ting-Ting Li ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
Toshiyuki Sueyoshi ◽  
Derek D. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Coordinated Development ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Impact

The sustainable development of the global economy and society calls for the practice of the environmental, social and governance (ESG) principle. The ESG principle has been developed for 17 years following its formal proposal in 2004. Countries around the world continue to promote the coordinated development of the environment, society, and governance in accordance with the ESG principle. In order to review and summarize ESG research, this study takes the literature related to ESG research as the research object and presents the cooperation status, hot spots, and trends of ESG research with the help of the literature analysis tool CiteSpace. On the basis of quantitative analysis results, this study presents an examination and comprehensive summary of progress in the research into ESG combined with a systematic literature review. This includes the theoretical basis of ESG research, the interaction between the dimensions of ESG, the impact of ESG on the economic consequences, the risk prevention role of ESG, and ESG measurement. Based on the systematic summary of research progress, this paper further refines the characteristics of ESG research, reveals the shortcomings of ESG research, and propose a focus for ESG research in the future in order to provide a reference for academic research and the practice of ESG.

scholarly journals Dampak Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi terhadap Perilaku Intoleransi dan Antisosial di Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-290
Author(s):  
Rafles Abdi Kusuma
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Social Condition ◽  
Communication Model ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Impact

The paper aims to exploration how the impact of the information and technology development in Indonesia. Especially, focus on the raising of the attitude and behavior that tend toward intolerant and antisocial. That behavior and attitude extremely were disturbing our social life. The flood of information in cyberspace causes disinformation that makes people split into poles of homogeneity, so people are not accustomed to a difference and are not trained to see problems from various sides. The transformation process taking place with a multilayer communication model has resulted in humans who are more individualistic and communalism, which leads to intolerant and antisocial behavior. Even today, communities are still divided into groups called "cebong" and "kampret". These two political poles cause people did not respect each other's differences. They spread hatred of speech and reject each other's activities, including worship activities. If this kind of social condition is allowed to leave, Indonesia will always be in an unsafe and comfortable condition. It should be prevented by knowing various characteristics or symptoms that arise from the behavior of people around us, both directly in the real world and through social media. Therefore, the authors offer a solution namely: strengthening the role of religion, especially in da'wa and internalization of the ideology of Pancasila, the enforcement of the constitution and humanist legal rules in Indonesia.

Financing and supervisory effects of credit ratings: evidence from mergers and acquisitions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Xu ◽  
Yuhui Wu ◽  
Lingling Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Credit Rating ◽  
Credit Ratings ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Financial Behavior ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Emerging Capital Markets ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how credit ratings affect corporate financial behavior from the perspective of merger and acquisition (M&A) decisions. The goal is to test the financing and supervisory effects of credit ratings and study the economic consequences of credit ratings in the context of China. Design/methodology/approach Using a sample of Chinese A-share listed companies over the 2008–2017 period, this paper empirically examines the effect of credit ratings on firms’ M&A decisions. The authors used a probit model for regression when they tested the effect of credit rating on M&A likelihood and a tobit model when they tested the effect of credit rating on M&A intensity. Findings First, rated enterprises tend to make more acquisitions compared with non-rated enterprises, consistent with the hypothesis that credit ratings alleviate financing constraints. Second, high-rated enterprises are more cautious toward M&As due to concerns about preserving their ratings, which indicates that credit ratings also play a supervisory role in the M&A process. Additional tests show that enterprises reduce M&A activity after a rating downgrade to avoid further deterioration in their ratings; this further supports the supervisory role of credit ratings. Originality/value This paper adds incremental evidence to the literature on the impact of credit ratings on corporate financial behavior and extends the literature on the factors influencing M&As. The authors provided empirical evidence from emerging capital markets for the financing and supervisory effects of credit ratings and provided theoretical guidance for promoting the stable, long-term development of China’s credit rating industry.

scholarly journals Legal Education against the Impact of Social Media in the Era of Information Disclosure for Pringgokusuman Residents in Yogyakarta

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Dwi Oktafia Ariyanti ◽  
Muhammad Ramadhan
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Impacts

The purpose of this community service is to provide an understanding of the community on the impact of the use of social media in the current era of information disclosure. This is done so that people do not abuse the use of social media and are able to wisely utilize social media itself so as not to cause negative effects. Partners of community service activities are residents of Pringgokusuman, Gedongtengen, Yogyakarta. Education provided includes an understanding of the negative and positive impacts of using social media, the role of families, especially parents, in supervising the use of social media and the legal rules used to overcome problems arising from the use of social media. Many impacts arising from the use of social media. The negative impacts of using social media must be immediately prevented and acted upon because the negative impacts are spread very quickly and are detrimental to users and the community. In addition there are also positive impacts arising from the use of social media that can provide developments both in terms of social and material for the community.

scholarly journals Biological hazard risk studies: a comparative analysis of approaches and the role of insurance

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-367
Author(s):  
Sergey Belozyorov ◽  
◽  
Olena Sokolovska ◽  
Anna Faizova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Biological Hazard ◽  
The Impact

The pandemic of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has a huge impact on the global economy, significantly affecting the functioning of all its sectors. In this regard, the search for ways to minimize the negative consequences of such risks is of particular relevance. The article presents the results of a systematic analysis of scientific publications by leading foreign and Russian authors on various aspects of the risks arising from viral threats, as well as ways to reduce the negative consequences of such risks. In particular, studies that evaluate the impact on the economy of various factors that occur during and after epidemics are examined. The analysis of publications showed that researchers distinguish the following factors: 1) the social system of the state; 2) government expenses on the fight against the epidemic; 3) the role of international organizations in combating epidemics in individual countries. Further, various approaches to the construction of models describing the spread of biological threats reflected in publications of representatives of various scientific fields, in particular medical and economicmathematical, including actuarial, modeling are analyzed. Three approaches to modeling the development of infectious diseases are considered, which differ both in the apparatus used and in the predominant field of application of the corresponding models. Particular attention is paid to the contribution that insurance research can make to the development of new theoretical approaches to mitigate the negative economic consequences of COVID-19. The authors distinguish three areas: 1) the use of actuarial models for the analysis and assessment of the risks of biological threats; 2) the use of relevant insurance products in the insurance market as an epidemic risk management tool that provides financial protection; 3) the use of innovative technologies in rendering insurance services (InsurTech).

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