Effect of autumn application of urea on saprotrophic fungi in off-season leaf litter of sour cherry and evaluation of fungal isolates to reduce primary inoculum of Blumeriella jaapii

2006 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bengtsson ◽  
H. Green ◽  
N. Leroul ◽  
H. L. Pedersen ◽  
J. Hockenhull
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Primary Inoculum ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Fungal Isolates

Control of Blumeriella jaapii and determination of fungicide residues in sour cherry fruits

2021 ◽  
pp. 345-348
Author(s):  
V. Božić ◽  
S. Vuković ◽  
S. Lazić ◽  
D. Šunjka ◽  
A. Žunić
Keyword(s):  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Fungicide Residues

scholarly journals Treatment of overwintering apple leaves to reduce primary inoculum of apple black spot

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
K. Tshomo ◽  
I.J. Horner ◽  
M. Walter ◽  
A. Stewart ◽  
M.V. Jaspers
Keyword(s):  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Primary Inoculum ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
Ascospore Production ◽  
Nutrient Amendments

Field trials were conducted in Hawkes Bay and Lincoln into methods of treating overwintering apple leaves to reduce ascospore production by the apple black spot pathogen Venturia inaequalis The leaf treatments comprised three levels of nutrient amendments (including a water control) and five levels of saprophytic fungal isolates (including a nofungus control) in a factorial design Leaves were left to overwinter on the orchard floor and in spring the V inaequalis ascospores released were trapped on glass slides and counted Ascospore numbers were reduced (Plt;005) by the leaf amendment urea which alone caused 73 reduction but not by the BioStarttrade; product The effect of fungal isolates was not significant (P012) although when combined with the water treatment the isolates Chaetomium Phoma and Epicoccum spp and Trametes versicolor reduced numbers of ascospores by 33 27 15 and 28 respectively compared to the nofungus control When combined with urea the Chaetomium isolate reduced ascospore numbers by 92 and 82 compared to the nil fungus/water control treatments in Hawkes Bay and Lincoln respectively indicating that this treatment has potential for reducing primary inoculum of apple black spot

Effects of dry-deposited SO2 and sulphite on saprotrophic fungi and decomposition of tree leaf litter

1996 ◽  
pp. 70-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Boddy ◽  
J. C. Frankland ◽  
S. Dursun ◽  
K. K. Newsham ◽  
P. Ineson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Tree Leaf

scholarly journals Double lives: transfer of fungal endophytes from leaves to woody substrates

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9341
Author(s):  
Aaron Nelson ◽  
Roo Vandegrift ◽  
George C. Carroll ◽  
Bitty A. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
Culture Study ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Genus Level ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Woody Substrates

Fungal endophytes are a ubiquitous feature of plants, yet for many fungi the benefits of endophytism are still unknown. The Foraging Ascomycete (FA) hypothesis proposes that saprotrophic fungi can utilize leaves both as dispersal vehicles and as resource havens during times of scarcity. The presence of saprotrophs in leaf endophyte communities has been previously observed but their ability to transfer to non-foliar saprobic substrates has not been well investigated. To assess this ability, we conducted a culture study by placing surface-sterilized leaves from a single tropical angiosperm tree (Nectandra lineatifolia) directly onto sterile wood fragments and incubating them for 6 weeks. Fungi from the wood were subsequently isolated in culture and identified to the genus level by ITS sequences or morphology. Four-hundred and seventy-seven fungal isolates comprising 24 taxa were cultured from the wood. Of these, 70.8% of taxa (82.3% of isolates) belong to saprotrophic genera according to the FUNGuild database. Furthermore, 27% of OTUs (6% of isolates) were basidiomycetes, an unusually high proportion compared to typical endophyte communities. Xylaria flabelliformis, although absent in our original isolations, formed anamorphic fruiting structures on the woody substrates. We introduce the term viaphyte (literally, “by way of plant”) to refer to fungi that undergo an interim stage as leaf endophytes and, after leaf senescence, colonize other woody substrates via hyphal growth. Our results support the FA hypothesis and suggest that viaphytism may play a significant role in fungal dispersal.

Effect of sanitation treatment and cultivar on saprophytic development of Blumeriella jaapii in integrated and organic sour cherry orchards

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imre J. Holb ◽  
Vasileios P. Vasileiadis ◽  
Alex Vámos
Keyword(s):  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii

scholarly journals Differing Life-History Strategies of Two Mycoheterotrophic Orchid Species Associated with Leaf Litter- and Wood-Decaying Fungi

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Yuki Ogura-Tsujita ◽  
Kenshi Tetsuka ◽  
Shuichiro Tagane ◽  
Miho Kubota ◽  
Shuichiro Anan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Nutrient Depletion ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Mycoheterotrophic Plants

Mycoheterotrophic orchids depend completely on mycorrhizal fungi for their supply of carbon. The life-history traits of mycoheterotrophic plants (MHPs) can differ according to the characteristics of the associated mycorrhizal fungi. We compared the life-history strategies of two mycoheterotrophic orchids associated with wood- and leaf litter-decaying fungi over a maximum of six years of field monitoring. Seventy percent of the aboveground stems of Erythrorchis altissima, associated with wood-decaying fungi, disappeared from the host wood within two years after tagging, likely due to nutrient depletion. In contrast, Gastrodia confusa, associated with leaf litter-decaying fungi, occurred continuously (18 to 108 fruiting stalks) every year within a small-scale plot (12 × 45 m) for six years through seed and clonal propagation. Our results support the idea that mycoheterotrophic orchids associated with wood-decaying fungi disappear from their habitats due to nutrient depletion after their host wood has mostly decayed, while mycoheterotrophic orchids associated with leaf litter-decaying fungi can survive in small-scale habitats where substantial leaf fall regularly occurs to sustain the associated fungi. Our study provides basic information about a unique life-history strategy in MHPs associated with saprotrophic fungi and an understanding of the variation in life-history strategies among MHPs.

scholarly journals Transfer of Fungal Endophytes from Leaves to Woody Substrates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Nelson ◽  
Roo Vandegrift ◽  
George C. Carroll ◽  
BItty A. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Tropical Tree ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Environmental Scarcity ◽  
Woody Substrates

Fungal endophytes have been found in all plants surveyed to date, yet for many fungi the function of endophytism is still unknown. The Foraging Ascomycete Hypothesis (FAH) proposes that saprotrophic fungi utilize an endophytic stage in leaves to modify dispersal. Under this hypothesis, leaves can provide food and water during time of environmental scarcity and they can transport the fungi to other substrates upon dehiscence. If the FAH is accurate, then some endophytes should have the ability to colonize saprobic substrates directly from a leaf-endophyte stage, though this has been little studied. To assess this ability, twelve surface-sterilized leaves of a tropical tree (Nectandra lineatifolia Mez) were placed directly on wood and incubated for six weeks. Fungi from the wood were subsequently cultured and identified by ITS sequences or morphology. 477 fungal isolates comprising 26 OTUs were cultured from the wood, the majority of which belong to saprotrophic genera (70.8% of OTUs, 82.3% of isolates). The mean OTU richness per leaf was 5.67. The term viaphyte (literally, “by way of plant”) is introduced and defined as fungi that colonize living leaves as endophytes and use the leaves to transfer to another substrate, such as wood, when the leaves dehisce. These results strengthen the Foraging Ascomycete Hypothesis and expose the possibility that viaphytism plays a significant role in the dispersal of fungal saprotrophs.

scholarly journals Effects of Shredding or Treating Apple Leaf Litter with Urea on Ascospore Dose of Venturia inaequalis and Disease Buildup

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
pp. 1319-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald K. Sutton ◽  
William E. MacHardy ◽  
William G. Lord
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
Primary Inoculum ◽  
Action Threshold ◽  
Previous Autumn

Ascospores produced on diseased leaves in the leaf litter constitute the primary inoculum causing scab in commercial apple orchards in the northeastern United States. Two sanitation practices, shredding the leaf litter with a flail mower and urea application, were evaluated for their potential to reduce the risk of primary scab. Three measures of a treatment's potential were made: leaf litter density was evaluated to determine reduction of the source or primary inoculum; trapped ascospores were counted to measure the reduction of primary inoculum; and scab lesions on trees and seedlings were counted to determine reduction in disease incidence and severity on leaves and fruit. The results show that in the northeastern United States, shredding the leaf litter in November or April will reduce the risk of scab by 80 to 90% if all of the leaf litter is shredded. If 10 to 35% of the leaf litter cannot be shredded because of the limited offset of the flail mower and spread of the tree canopy, then the risk of scab is reduced by 50 to 65%. Urea applied to the leaf litter in November (when approximately 95% of the leaves had fallen) reduced the number of ascospores trapped by 50%. Urea applied to the leaf litter in April (before bud break) reduced the number of ascospores trapped by 66%. The reductions are discussed in relation to a sanitation action threshold that links sanitation to a strategy that reduces the fungicide dose to control primary scab in an orchard assessed with a moderate amount of foliar scab the previous autumn.

Effect of Sanitation Treatments on Leaf Litter Density and Leaf Spot Incidence in Integrated and Organic Sour Cherry Orchards

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 891-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imre J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
Fallen Leaves ◽  
Mulch Cover ◽  
Organic Orchards

A 3-year study was conducted to determine the effect of five sanitation treatments on leaf litter density (LLD), leaf spot incidence, and percent defoliation on two cultivars (‘Újfehértói fürtös’ and ‘Érdi bőtermő’) in two sour cherry orchards: one managed by integrated pest management principles with conventional fungicides and the other managed organically. The following sanitation treatments were compared: sprays of urea or lime sulfur in autumn, removing fallen leaves after leaf fall, straw mulch cover in late winter, sprays of urea or lime sulfur followed by mulch cover, removing fallen leaves followed by mulch cover, and a nonsanitized control. In both orchards and all years, LLD decreased by 2 to 28% in all treatment plots from early December to mid-May. LLD reduction was two to four times higher in the organic orchard compared with the integrated orchard. All treatments, except the lime sulfur or urea treatment alone, resulted in significant (P < 0.05) reduction of LLD in both the integrated and organic orchards compared with nonsanitized plots. Only leaf removal alone or in combination with mulch significantly (P < 0.05) reduced cherry leaf spot incidence and percent defoliation (by 11 to 70% and 15 to 72%, respectively) compared with nonsanitized plots. The application of these sanitation treatments in orchard management practices is discussed.

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