scholarly journals Double lives: transfer of fungal endophytes from leaves to woody substrates

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9341
Author(s):  
Aaron Nelson ◽  
Roo Vandegrift ◽  
George C. Carroll ◽  
Bitty A. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
Culture Study ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Genus Level ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Woody Substrates

Fungal endophytes are a ubiquitous feature of plants, yet for many fungi the benefits of endophytism are still unknown. The Foraging Ascomycete (FA) hypothesis proposes that saprotrophic fungi can utilize leaves both as dispersal vehicles and as resource havens during times of scarcity. The presence of saprotrophs in leaf endophyte communities has been previously observed but their ability to transfer to non-foliar saprobic substrates has not been well investigated. To assess this ability, we conducted a culture study by placing surface-sterilized leaves from a single tropical angiosperm tree (Nectandra lineatifolia) directly onto sterile wood fragments and incubating them for 6 weeks. Fungi from the wood were subsequently isolated in culture and identified to the genus level by ITS sequences or morphology. Four-hundred and seventy-seven fungal isolates comprising 24 taxa were cultured from the wood. Of these, 70.8% of taxa (82.3% of isolates) belong to saprotrophic genera according to the FUNGuild database. Furthermore, 27% of OTUs (6% of isolates) were basidiomycetes, an unusually high proportion compared to typical endophyte communities. Xylaria flabelliformis, although absent in our original isolations, formed anamorphic fruiting structures on the woody substrates. We introduce the term viaphyte (literally, “by way of plant”) to refer to fungi that undergo an interim stage as leaf endophytes and, after leaf senescence, colonize other woody substrates via hyphal growth. Our results support the FA hypothesis and suggest that viaphytism may play a significant role in fungal dispersal.

scholarly journals Transfer of Fungal Endophytes from Leaves to Woody Substrates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Nelson ◽  
Roo Vandegrift ◽  
George C. Carroll ◽  
BItty A. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Tropical Tree ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Environmental Scarcity ◽  
Woody Substrates

Fungal endophytes have been found in all plants surveyed to date, yet for many fungi the function of endophytism is still unknown. The Foraging Ascomycete Hypothesis (FAH) proposes that saprotrophic fungi utilize an endophytic stage in leaves to modify dispersal. Under this hypothesis, leaves can provide food and water during time of environmental scarcity and they can transport the fungi to other substrates upon dehiscence. If the FAH is accurate, then some endophytes should have the ability to colonize saprobic substrates directly from a leaf-endophyte stage, though this has been little studied. To assess this ability, twelve surface-sterilized leaves of a tropical tree (Nectandra lineatifolia Mez) were placed directly on wood and incubated for six weeks. Fungi from the wood were subsequently cultured and identified by ITS sequences or morphology. 477 fungal isolates comprising 26 OTUs were cultured from the wood, the majority of which belong to saprotrophic genera (70.8% of OTUs, 82.3% of isolates). The mean OTU richness per leaf was 5.67. The term viaphyte (literally, “by way of plant”) is introduced and defined as fungi that colonize living leaves as endophytes and use the leaves to transfer to another substrate, such as wood, when the leaves dehisce. These results strengthen the Foraging Ascomycete Hypothesis and expose the possibility that viaphytism plays a significant role in the dispersal of fungal saprotrophs.

scholarly journals Biodegradation of Synthetic Dye by Endophytic Fungal Isolate in Calotropis procera Root

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiv Kumar Verma ◽  
Anand Kumar ◽  
Moti Lal ◽  
Mira Debnath
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Rose Bengal ◽  
Dye Degradation ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Brilliant Blue ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Methyl Red ◽  
Coomassie Brilliant Blue ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Coomassie Brilliant

In this study, based on colony morphology characteristics, a total of 19 fungal endophytes were isolated from root of Calotropis Procera a traditional Indian medicinal plant. All fungal isolates were screened for their dye degradation ability. The dyes used as test dyes were Rose Bengal (RB), azo dye Methyl Red (MR), Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) and Methylene Blue (MB) and the concentration of each dye in the experiment was kept 100mg/L. Among the 19 fungal endophytic isolates (CPR1-CPR19), only one isolate CPR4 showed strong dye decolourization capability against all the four test dye. Dye decolourization ability by the isolate CPR4 was determined to be 97.4%, 87%, 65% and 45% for Rose Bengal (RB), Methyl Red (MR), Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) and Methylene Blue (MB) respectively. Complete colour decolourization was observed with rose Bengal followed by Methyl Red. Glucose minimal medium was used for liquid and solid culture of fungal isolates. Fungal biomass production in the presence of four test dye was studied and compare with control culture of fungal endophytes. Effect of temperature, pH, stationary and agitation conditions on dye degradation was also studied.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 373-380 

Effect of autumn application of urea on saprotrophic fungi in off-season leaf litter of sour cherry and evaluation of fungal isolates to reduce primary inoculum of Blumeriella jaapii

2006 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bengtsson ◽  
H. Green ◽  
N. Leroul ◽  
H. L. Pedersen ◽  
J. Hockenhull
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Primary Inoculum ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Fungal Isolates

scholarly journals Diversity and antibacterial activity of fungal endophytes from Eucalyptus exserta

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziling Mao ◽  
Weihao Zhang ◽  
Chunyin Wu ◽  
Hao Feng ◽  
Yuanhang Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Fungal Isolates

Abstract Background Eucalyptus bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is an important eucalyptus disease. Endophytic fungi, an important source of natural active substances, provide a new breakthrough for the control of plant diseases. Results In the present study, 80 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from the healthy branches and fruits of Eucalyptus exserta. Fifteen distinct isolates (MK120854-MK120868) were selected for further taxonomic identification through morphological trait assessments and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region-rRNA gene sequence analysis. Thirteen genera, namely, Phyllosticta, Penicillium, Eutypella, Purpureocillium, Talaromyces, Lophiostoma, Cladosporium, Pestalotiopsis, Chaetomium, Fusarium, Gongronella, Scedosporium and Pseudallescheria, were identified on the basis of their morphological characteristics. Members of the genus Phyllosticta were the primary isolates, with a colonization frequency (CF) of 27.5 %. Most of the fungal isolates displayed antibacterial activity. The crude extracts obtained from Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7, Pestalotiopsis sp. Eef-9 and Chaetomium sp. Eef-10 exhibited strong inhibition on the test bacteria, and Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 was further cultured on a large scale. Three known compounds, scorpinone (1), 5-deoxybostrycoidin (2) and 4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-2 H-pyran-2-one (3), were isolated from the endophytic fungus Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 associated with E. exserta. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectra and a comparison of their spectral data with published values. Compounds 1 and 2 showed weak antimicrobial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum. Conclusions Endophytic fungi from Eucalyptus exserta may represent alternative sources of antimicrobial agents. Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 can produce 2-azaanthraquinone derivatives and shows weak antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum.

scholarly journals An Overview of 24 Years of Molecular Phylogenetic Studies in Phallales (Basidiomycota) With Notes on Systematics, Geographic Distribution, Lifestyle, and Edibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gislaine C. S. Melanda ◽  
Alexandre G. S. Silva-Filho ◽  
Alexandre Rafael Lenz ◽  
Nelson Menolli ◽  
Alexandro de Andrade de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
Atpase Subunit ◽  
Genus Level ◽  
Small Subunit Rdna

The order Phallales (Basidiomycota) is represented by gasteroid fungi with expanded and sequestrate basidiomata, known as stinkhorns and false truffles. In phalloids, the first DNA sequence was published in 1997, and after that, some studies aimed to resolve phylogenetic conflicts and propose new species based on DNA markers; however, the number of families and genera in the order still generates controversies among researchers. Thus, this work aims to provide an overview of Phallales diversity represented by selected DNA markers available in public databases. We retrieved Phallales sequences from DNA databases (GenBank and UNITE) of seven markers: ITS (internal transcribed spacer), nuc-LSU (nuclear large subunit rDNA), nuc-SSU (nuclear small subunit rDNA), mt-SSU (mitochondrial small subunit rDNA), ATP6 (ATPase subunit 6), RPB2 (nuclear protein-coding second largest subunit of RNA polymerase), and TEF1-α (translation elongation factor subunit 1α). To compose our final dataset, all ITS sequences retrieved were subjected to BLASTn searches to identify additional ITS sequences not classified as Phallales. Phylogenetic analyses based on Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches using single and combined markers were conducted. All ITS sequences were clustered with a cutoff of 98% in order to maximize the number of species hypotheses. The geographic origin of sequences was retrieved, as well as additional information on species lifestyle and edibility. We obtained a total of 1,149 sequences, representing 664 individuals. Sequences of 41 individuals were unidentified at genus level and were assigned to five distinct families. We recognize seven families and 22 genera in Phallales, although the delimitation of some genera must be further revisited in order to recognize only monophyletic groups. Many inconsistencies in species identification are discussed, and the positioning of genera in each family is shown. The clustering revealed 118 species hypotheses, meaning that approximately 20% of all described species in Phallales have DNA sequences available. Information related to geographic distribution represents 462 individuals distributed in 46 countries on all continents, except Antarctica. Most genera are saprotrophic with only one putative ectomycorrhizal genus, and 2.1% of the legitimate specific names recognized in Phallales are confirmed edible species. Great progress in the molecular analyses of phalloids has already been made over these years, but it is still necessary to solve some taxonomic inconsistencies, mainly at genus level, and generate new data to expand knowledge of the group.

New combinations in the genus Siler (Apiaceae) for the Italian Flora

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 268 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
DUILIO IAMONICO ◽  
FABRIZIO BARTOLUCCI ◽  
FABIO CONTI
Keyword(s):  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Nrdna Its ◽  
Rps16 Intron ◽  
Genus Level ◽  
Plastid Markers ◽  
Italian Flora

On the basis of nrDNA ITS sequences and plastid markers (rps16 intron, rpoC1 intron and rpoB-trnC intergenic spacer), Banasiak et al. (2016) reconstructed the phylogeny of all the genera belonging to the subtribe Daucinae Dumortier (1827: 81), showing that the former tribe Laserpitieae Bentham in Bentham & Hooker (1867: 872) constitutes a paraphyletic grade at the base of the spiny-fruited members of Daucinae, while the traditionally delimited genera Daucus Linnaeus (1753: 242) and Laserpitium Linnaeus (1753: 248) are polyphyletic. The same authors proposed to maintain Daucus as monophyletic synonymizing several names at genus level, while Laserpitium was splitted into 5 genera—Laserpitium s.str. (now including only 6 species), Ekimia Duman & Watson (1999: 200), Laser Borkhausen ex Gaertner, Meyer & Scherbius (1799: 244, 384), Siler Miller (1754: without pagination), Silphiodaucus (Koso-Poljansky 1916: 211) Spalik, Wojewódska, Banasiak, Piwczyński & Reduron in Banasiak et al. (2016: 578), and Thapsia Linnaeus (1753: 261)—and nomenclatural changes were proposed (Banasiak et al. 2016).

scholarly journals A preliminary investigation of endophytic fungal diversity at Hope, East Coast Demerara, Guyana

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 044-048
Author(s):  
Kimberly Craig ◽  
Abdullah Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Avicennia Germinans ◽  
Laguncularia Racemosa ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Red Mangrove ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
White Mangrove

Foliar endophytic fungi spend a part of their life cycle on the leaves of plants. They may demonstrate no apparent symptoms but may also cause disease at a later time in the plant’s life. Studies investigating foliar fungal endophytes of mangroves are limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the foliar fungal endophytes present on the leaves of three mangrove species: namely Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), Black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) and White mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa). The study site was an area located at Hope, East Coast Demerara, and South America, Guyana. Out of sixty (60) leaf samples that were prepared, fourteen (14) fungal isolates were identified. Most of the fungi isolated in the study were found to be Hyphomycetes (Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Alternaria, Cladosporium and Curvularia) while the others were Zygomorphic (Mucor and Rhizopus). The ANOVA calculations for the isolates from the three mangrove species were found to not be statistically significant. R mangle was the preferred host out of the three (3) species. The findings of this study confirm that mangroves have rich endophytic diversity and demonstrate rich research and biochemical potential.

scholarly journals Endophytic Colonisation of Solanum lycopersicum and Phaseolus vulgaris by Fungal Endophytes Promotes Seedlings Growth and Hampers the Reproductive Traits, Development, and Survival of the Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vongai M. Paradza ◽  
Fathiya M. Khamis ◽  
Abdullahi A. Yusuf ◽  
Sevgan Subramanian ◽  
Sunday Ekesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Greenhouse Whitefly ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Fungal Isolates

In the scope of mitigating the negative impacts of pesticide use and managing greenhouse whiteflies, Trialeurodes vaporariorum sustainably, 16 endophytic fungal isolates from five different genera (Beauveria, Trichoderma, Hypocrea, Bionectria, and Fusarium) were screened for their ability to colonise two preferred host plant species, namely, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), through seed inoculation. Seven and nine isolates were endophytic to P. vulgaris and S. lycopersicum, respectively, where significant differences in the endophytic colonisation rates were observed among the fungal isolates in P. vulgaris and its plant parts, with a significant interaction between the isolates and plant parts in S. lycopersicum. Hypocrea lixii F3ST1, Trichoderma asperellum M2RT4, Trichoderma atroviride F5S21, and T. harzianum KF2R41 successfully colonised all the plant parts of both hosts and therefore were selected and further evaluated for their endophytic persistence, effect on plant growth, and pathogenicity to T. vaporariorum adults and F1 progeny. The four endophytes remained in both host plants for the 5-week assessment with varied colonisation rates related to the strong interaction with the time, isolates, and plant parts in both hosts. The effect of the same endophytes on the different host growth parameters varied in P. vulgaris and S. lycopersicum, with T. asperellum M2RT4 not boosting the growth in both host plants while T. atroviride F5S21 resulted in enhanced shoot biomass in S. lycopersicum. T. atroviride F5S21 and T. harzianum KF2R41 inoculated S. lycopersicum plants and H. lixii F3ST1, T. asperellum M2RT4, and T. harzianum KF2R41 inoculated P. vulgaris plants had significantly lower oviposition, while nymph development in both hosts was significantly prolonged in all the endophytically–colonised plants. The endophytes H. lixii F3ST1 and T. asperellum M2RT4 significantly reduced the longevity/survival of the exposed T. vaporariorum adults and the progeny in both S. lycopersicum and P. vulgaris. The findings demonstrate the attributes of the various endophytes in host plant growth promotion as well as their effects on the life-history parameters of T. vaporariorum and could consequently be developed as potential endophytic fungal-based biopesticides for the sustainable management of the pest in S. lycopersicum and P. vulgaris cropping systems.

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