Fluctuations of the relationship between ENSO and northeast Australian rainfall

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 421-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Cai ◽  
P. H. Whetton ◽  
A. B. Pittock
Keyword(s):  
The Relationship ◽  
Australian Rainfall

scholarly journals The relationship between the subtropical ridge and Australian temperatures

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Acacia Pepler ◽  
Linden Ashcroft ◽  
Blair Trewin
Keyword(s):  
Strong Influence ◽  
Southeast Australia ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Subtropical Ridge ◽  
Australian Rainfall

The intensity and latitude of the subtropical ridge over eastern Australia is strongly associated with southeast Australian rainfall, particularly during the cool months of the year. We show that the subtropical ridge also exerts a strong influence on temperatures across much of Australia, with warmer daytime temperatures and more warm extremes across southern Australia when the subtropical ridge is stronger than average, which is largely independent of the relationship between the subtropical ridge and rainfall. A strong subtropical ridge is also linked to warmer than average minimum temperatures over southern Australia throughout much of the year, except from May to August when a strong ridge is associated with cooler mean minimum temperatures and an increased frequency of cool nights. This relationship, and the observed strengthening of the subtropical ridge during autumn and winter in recent decades, can partially explain the weaker warming trends in minimum temperatures in southeast Australia compared to elsewhere in the country over the period 1960-2016.

scholarly journals The Southern Annular Mode: a comparison of indices

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 967-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ho ◽  
A. S. Kiem ◽  
D. C. Verdon-Kidd
Keyword(s):  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Annular Mode ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Development Approach ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mode A ◽  
Australian Rainfall

Abstract. The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) has been identified as a climate mechanism with potentially significant impacts on the Australian hydroclimate. However, despite the identification of relationships between SAM and Australia's hydroclimate using certain data sets, and focussed on certain time periods, the association has not been extensively explored and significant uncertainties remain. One reason for this is the existence of numerous indices, methods and data sets by which SAM has been approximated. In this paper, the various SAM definitions and indices are reviewed and the similarities and discrepancies are discussed, along with the strengths and weaknesses of each index development approach. Further, the sensitivity of the relationship between SAM and Australian rainfall to choice of SAM index is quantified and recommendations are given as to the most appropriate index to use when assessing the impacts of the SAM on Australia's hydroclimate. Importantly this study highlights the need to consider the impact that the choice of SAM index, and data set used to calculate the index, has on the outcomes of any SAM attribution study.

scholarly journals The Southern Annular Mode: a comparison of indices

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 7461-7498 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ho ◽  
A. S. Kiem ◽  
D. C. Verdon-Kidd
Keyword(s):  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Annular Mode ◽  
Index Development ◽  
Development Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mode A ◽  
Australian Rainfall

Abstract. The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) has been identified as a climate mechanism with potentially significant impacts on the Australian hydroclimate. However, despite the identification of some relationships between SAM and Australia's hydroclimate, the association has not been extensively explored or robustly quantified. Further complicating the situation is the existence of numerous indices (or methods) by which SAM has been approximated. In this paper, the various SAM definitions and indices are reviewed and the similarities and discrepancies are discussed, along with the strengths and weaknesses of each index development approach. Further, the sensitivity of the relationship between SAM and Australian rainfall on choice of SAM index is quantified and recommendations are given as to the most appropriate index to use when assessing the impacts of the SAM on Australia's hydroclimate.

Interstellar gas in the central region of the Galaxy

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Neutral Hydrogen ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Interstellar Gas ◽  
Hydrogen Recombination ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
The Relationship

A review is given of information on the galactic-centre region obtained from recent observations of the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen, the 18-cm group of OH lines, a hydrogen recombination line at 6 cm wavelength, and the continuum emission from ionized hydrogen.Both inward and outward motions are important in this region, in addition to rotation. Several types of observation indicate the presence of material in features inclined to the galactic plane. The relationship between the H and OH concentrations is not yet clear, but a rough picture of the central region can be proposed.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Choosing a Markov blanket

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr
Keyword(s):  
Markov Blanket ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This commentary focuses upon the relationship between two themes in the target article: the ways in which a Markov blanket may be defined and the role of precision and salience in mediating the interactions between what is internal and external to a system. These each rest upon the different perspectives we might take while “choosing” a Markov blanket.

Tinkering with cognitive gadgets: Cultural evolutionary psychology meets active inference

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Benjamin Badcock ◽  
Axel Constant ◽  
Maxwell James Désormeau Ramstead
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Innovative Research ◽  
Cognitive Faculties ◽  
Cultural Evolutionary ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Cognitive Gadgets offers a new, convincing perspective on the origins of our distinctive cognitive faculties, coupled with a clear, innovative research program. Although we broadly endorse Heyes’ ideas, we raise some concerns about her characterisation of evolutionary psychology and the relationship between biology and culture, before discussing the potential fruits of examining cognitive gadgets through the lens of active inference.

Radiation Damage, Contrast and Statistics in High Resolution Biological Electron Microscopy

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
Robert M. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Particle Flux ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Resolution Image ◽  
High Resolution Image ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Counting Statistics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Picture Element

It is well known that a large flux of electrons must pass through a specimen in order to obtain a high resolution image while a smaller particle flux is satisfactory for a low resolution image. The minimum particle flux that is required depends upon the contrast in the image and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio at which the data are considered acceptable. For a given S/N associated with statistical fluxtuations, the relationship between contrast and “counting statistics” is s131_eqn1, where C = contrast; r2 is the area of a picture element corresponding to the resolution, r; N is the number of electrons incident per unit area of the specimen; f is the fraction of electrons that contribute to formation of the image, relative to the total number of electrons incident upon the object.

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